Liberalism & Conservatism
A short definition of CONSERVATISM, as it was defined in the 19th century, according to Quizlet
a resistance to change OR desire to honor and preserve tradition
According to Chapter 21 themes, which 3 ideologies emerged between 1800-1870?
1. conservatism, 2. nationalism, and 3. liberalism
According to Chapter 21 themes, the ideas of socialism were a response to what?
a misguided response to some of the problems created by the Industrial Revolution
define PRINCIPLES OF LEGITIMACY
● a claim made by Prince Kelmens von Metternich at the end of the Napoleonic Wars that stated the families of the former legitimate monarchs should be restored to the power they had before the wars
● after the Congress of Vienna, this became the guiding political principle for the great powers of Europe //
define UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE
the right of all adult men to vote
4 characteristics of CONSERVATISM as it was defined in the 19th century
1) obedience to political authority*, 2) emphasis on organized religion to maintain the social order, 3) resistance to ideas of individual rights*, and 4) representative government
*Are conservatives of today anti-individual rights and pro-government?
Three ideologies emerged between 1800-1870. According to Chapter 21 themes, what is true about all 3 ideologies?
All three were 1) by-products of the French Revolutionary era, 2) spread widely, and 3) made an impact on world history
According to Chapter 21 themes, the Industrial Revolution was a response to what change in the economy?
a change from an economy based on farming and handicrafts to an economy based on manufacturing by machines in industrial factories
define PRINCIPLE OF INTERVENTION
an assumed right of great powers to send armies into countries [use military force] where there were revolutions to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones
identify CONGRESS OF VIENNA
a meeting of the leaders of Europe in 1814 that made final peace settlements at the end of the Napoleonic Wars
A short definition of LIBERALISM as it was defined in the 19th century, according to Quizlet
a general willingness to accept change OR a desire to subvert tradition OR belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible*
*Do liberal thinkers of today generally advocate for people to be as free from restraint as possible?
According to Chapter 21 themes, what did nationalism encourage people to do?
Nationalism encouraged people to seek their own nation state.
According to Chapter 21 themes, the Industrial Revolution dramatically changed 1)____, 2)_____, 3_____.
1. where people lived, 2. how they worked, and 3. how they related to the world around them
Which 4 nations were prepared to use military force [use the principle of intervention] to crush revolts in which 2 other nations?
Prussia, Austria, Russia, and France (abbreviation PARF) used the principle of intervention to justify the use of military force to crush popular revolts in Spain and Italy (abbreviation IS)
identify AMERICAN BILL OF RIGHTS
a document that guarantees individual civil rights to American citizens
What are 4 social and economic changes forced on Europe by the Industrial Revolution which may have contributed to the spread of liberalism?
Industrial Revolution 1) changed distribution of wealth and power and 2) forced people to move, 3) travel to look for work, and 4) become more aware of the inequities
According to Chapter 21 themes, what did liberal and conservative ideas provide?
a framework for the political debates of the 19th century and beyond
According to Chapter 21 themes, the Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of which two social classes?
1. the industrial middle class (which soon sought equality with the landowning classes), 2. the industrial working class
Why was nationalism a threat to the existing order in 19th century europe?
many monarchies at that time combined people of many nationalities, but now each national group wanted their own government
identify CHARLES LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, became president then Emperor of France after 1848
2 reasons the liberal forces who won political rights from the rule of monarchs typically lost their power after relatively few years
1) could not agree on their aims 2) failed to work together to maintain their power
Define MULTINATIONAL STATE
a collection of peoples with different nationalities in one political unit
identify THE GERMANIC CONFEDERATION
the recognition of thirty-eight independent German states in 1815