Anatomy
Which type of innervation increases the function of the accessory glands of the GI?
Autonomic parasympathetic
The celiac lymphocenter of the dog is responsible for lymph drainage of which organs?
liver, pancreas, stomach
What is the effect of fat on gastric emptying?
The products of fat digestion delay gastric emptying
Why would a high-fat diet increase a dog's risk of vomiting?
The free fatty acid products of fat digestion delay gastric emptying
After administration of propofol, there is rapid recovery. What property is the major reason for this recovery?
Bonus: How is the majority of propofol excreted?
Rapid liver and lung metabolism
Propofol gives a smooth induction and recovery and is non-irritant. It is rapidly metabolized both in the liver and in the lungs.
Bonus: 88% of Propofol is excreted within 5 days in the urine
In cases of acute inflammation, what acute phase protein is decreased in blood chemistry analysis (negative acute phase proteins)?
In the dog, which of these structures is contained within the deep leaf of the greater omentum?
A. Greater curvature of the stomach
B. Left lobe of the pancreas
C. Right lobe of the pancreas
D. Spleen
✓B. Left lobe of the pancreas
The right lobe lies dorsomedial to the descending part of the duodenum. Enclosed in the mesoduodenum.
Which of the following pair of arteries have branches that supply the pancreas?
A. Caudal mesenteric and hepatic
B. Cranial mesenteric and splenic
C. Left gastroepiploic and hepatic
D. Splenic and left gastric
✓B. Cranial mesenteric and splenic
What cells produce gastrin and somatostatin?
Endocrine cells G and D
Leakage of which enzyme into the abdomen is associated with saponification?
Trypsin
What medication has the mechanism of action selective for neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist?
Bonus: where is the emetic center located?
Maropitant- an antiemetic
Maropitant citrate is a weak base and is highly lipophilic. It mimics the structure of substance p and takes its place in binding to neurokinin-1 receptors to prevent its actions of the emetic center of the brain.
Bonus: Brainstem
What is the main benefit of lactated ringers solution to a dehydrated cat?
Extracellular fluid compartment expansion
What is the innervation of the stomach?
The gastric plexus
innervated by the parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerves and sympathetic fibers of the celia plexus
What are the two ligaments associated with the lesser omentum?
Bonus: Name two of its functions
Hepatogastric ligament: greater portion of the omentum that passes from the liver to the stomach
Hepatoduodenal ligament: The omentum from the liver to the duodenum, located in the right border of the lesser omentum
- contains the portal vein, hepatic artery, and the bile duct.
Bonus: Fat storage, immune regulation, Tissue regeneration or healing
What is the cause for splenomegaly associated with GDV?
Congestion
Characterized by excessive distension of sinuses within the red pulp by erythrocytes, excessive accumulation of blood flow within a vessel.
Failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion of the vital organs is defined as?
Shock- failure in circulation that leads to cellular and tissue hypoxia and possible tissue/multiorgan failure.
What is the mechanistic class of Gabapentin?
Anticonvulsant
Factors associated with causing disease are called?
Disease determinants
How many walls are in the greater omentum?
Bonus: name them
two
Bonus: Superficial wall and deep wall
They each have a double peritoneal sheet with fat surrounding arteries located within
What is the name for the fold of peritoneum that passes from the umbilicus to the diaphragm?
Bonus: where else does it attach?
The Falciform Ligament
Bonus: it also attaches to the liver between the left medial and quadrate lobes.
What are two ways the body clears lactic acid?
1. Lactic acid is buffered in the blood stream and released with exhaled carbon dioxide
2. In the liver, Lactic acid is converted to pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase and then the pyruvate is used too produce more glucose
What pathological process is responsible for massive black-red tissue discoloration of the intestine in case of a complete volvulus?
Necrosis
What is the indication for Cefpodoxime?
Bonus: What is the mechanism of action?
Potent antibiotic active against a variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
respiratory tract infections, skin and superficial infections, urinary tract infections.
Bonus: it inhibits the bacterial cell wall synthesis
What is the site of infection for Spirocerca lupi?
Bonus: Name a medication used as treatment
Nodules in the esophageal wall or gastric mucosa
Bonus: Diethylcarbazine- (20mg/kg) daily for 10 days
What are the different regions of the stomach?
The cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, and pyloric canal.
Where is the Angular Incisure located?
The beginning of the pyloric region of the simple stomach
What enzyme initiates digestion?
Bonus: what is the inactive form of the enyzme?
Pepsin
Bonus: Pepsinogen
the pylorus rotates ventrally from the right side of the abdomen, the fundus drops and the pylorus is positioned dorsal to the gastric cardia.
What is the mechanistic class of Famotidine?
Bonus: what is the mechanism of action?
H2-receptor antagonist
Bonus:
It is a competitive inhibitor of histamine
reduces production of gastric acid
decreases pepsin through the reduction of gastric acid
What is the parent cell of platelets?
Bonus: Where are unused platelets destroyed?
Megakaryocytes
Bonus: destroyed via phagocytosis in the liver or spleen