Monster Molecules
What type of bond links amino acids together to form a protein's primary structure?
Peptide bond
What process produces two genetically similar daughter cells?
Mitosis
What type of bond forms when atoms share electrons?
Covalent Bonds
Which organs filter waste from the blood to make urine?
Kidneys
Are viruses considered living cells?
No. Viruses are not cells and require host cells to replicate.
Which organelle modifies, folds, and helps process many proteins destined for secretion or insertion into membranes?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA copied?
S Phase
What is the pH of a solution with [H+]= 1.0 x 10^-4
4
Which nervous system division triggers fight-or-flight?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which type of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall: Gram-positive or Gram-negative?
Gram-positive
What do enzymes do to the activation energy of a reaction?
Lower it
What molecule carries genetic information in most living organisms?
DNA
Which pancreatic cells release insulin?
Beta cells.
What condition occurs when carbon dioxide builds up in the blood because of inadequate breathing?
Respiratory acidosis
What immune cells help the body respond faster to a pathogen it has encountered before?
Memory B cells and memory T cells
What happens to an enzyme when it is denatured?
It loses its normal shape and may lose its function
If a human body cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes does a normal sperm cell have?
23
If pressure increases in N2 + 3 H2 <=> 2NH3, which side is favored?
The right side, producing more ammonia
Why does the body shiver when it gets too cold?
Muscle contractions generate heat to help maintain body temperature.
Why are antibiotics ineffective against the common cold?
The common cold is caused by viruses, and antibiotics target bacteria.
What are the four major types of biological macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What mutation changes a codon without changing its amino acid?
Silent (synonymous) mutation
How many grams of NaCl are needed to prepare 500 mL of a 0.20 M NaCl solution? (Molar mass = 58.44 g/mol)
5.84 g NaCl.
Why can untreated diabetes damage the kidneys over time?
High blood sugar can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to filter blood.
What is the role of antibodies in the immune response?
They bind to specific antigens, helping neutralize pathogens or mark them for destruction.