Motivation
How do we define motivation in Sport Psychology?
Direction and intensity of one's effort
Confidence is usually best defined as what?
The belief that someone can perform a desire behavior
What are three types of attentional cues?
Physical, verbal, and visual cues
Good imagery ability refers to the performer's ability to form ______ images and their ability to _______ them.
Vivid/ Control
What is the most popular model in Sport Psychology?
Cognitive-Behavioral model
What is participation motivation affected by?
A combination of personal and situational factors
The notion of Sport Self-Confidence was developed by which researcher?
Robin Vealey
Using a trigger word to stop negative self-statements is called what?
Thought stopping
True
Watson, Pavlov, Throndike, and Skinner were some of the early theorist of what model?
The Behavioral Model
What are attributions?
They are the reasons that we give for our actions
Who is the originator of the Self-efficacy theory, and what are the 6 components?
Albert Bandura
1. Performance Accomplishments
2. Vicarious Experiences
3. Physiological State
4. Verbal Persuasion
5. Emotional State
6. Imaginal Experiences
Open skills are often stable and occur without interference from opponents. Examples include a serve in tennis, shooting in archery, and/or putting in golf: True or False?
False (Closed Skills)
- Open skills are dynamic and rely on the environment to contribute to the competition
Meaning (Meaning propositions give relevance of the scene to the imagery)
What are the 4 main components of the Cognitive model?
1. Attention
2. Attributions
3. Thought Patterns
4. Perceptions
What is the difference between task-mastery orientation and ego-orientation?
Task-mastery orientation involves athletes who take pride in their own skill and knowledge, and focus on their ability relative to their own past performances
Ego-orientation refers to the tendency of an athlete to focus on social comparisons and to be motivated by the desire to demonstrate superiority over the competitors
An injured athlete is feeling depressed and anxious about her rehabilitation and thus has a low sense of self-efficacy. This would be an example of using which source of self-efficacy?
Emotional States
If a golfer shifts attention, just prior to a tee shot, from the length of the fairway and the direction of the wind to focusing only on the ball, his or her attention has shifted from _____ to _____.
Broad external/ Narrow external
What are the two elements that the Bio-informational theory suggests should always be included in the descriptions of an image?
- Stimulus propositions
- Response propositions
Having an attitude of "open-minded ______" about which model to adopt is important according to Hill (2001).
Skepticism
To better understand an individual's motives for involvement in their respective sport/activity, a consultant should do what?
- Observe participants to see what they like and do not like about the activity
- Talk to others who know the athletes and exercisers
- Periodically ask the participants to list their reasons for participation
What is the difference between Trait sport confidence and State sport confidence?
Trait is the "belief or degree of certainty individuals usually possess about their ability to be successful in sport (Vealey, 1986)."
State is "the belief or degree of certainty individuals possess at one particular moment about their ability to be successful in sport (Vealey, 1986)."
What are Nideffer's two dimensions of attentional focus, and four main components of the model of attention?
Dimensions: direction and width
Components: broad, narrow, external and internal
What does research in the 1980s suggest about the use of imagery?
-Physical practice is better than mental rehearsal alone
-Mental rehearsal is better than no physical practice
-Mental rehearsal and physical practice combined is the most effective
Why should we study theories in Sport Psychology?
- Theories guide the intervention process
- Theories define the underlying causes of the problem
- Theories guide the process of problem solving
- Theories help practitioners feel grounded in one form of thinking