Vowels I
This is the formant most associated with tongue advancement.
What is F2?
This is a constriction closer to the mouth.
What is downstream?
These are concentrations of energy around particular frequencies in the acoustic wave. They are the characteristic resonances of the vocal tract at which certain frequencies are emphasized.
What are formants?
This is one of three traditional features that provide the phonetic description of consonants, specifying the degree of constriction in the vocal tract and its effect upon the airflow.
What is manner of articulation?
This describes a constriction closer to the vocal folds.
What is upstream?
This is the formant most associated with tongue height.
What is F1?
This is what occurs during production of the plosive prior to release of the airflow when there is a short period of closure.
What is a stop gap?
This states that the vocal tract acts as an acoustic filter, which modifies the sound produced by a sound source.
What is the source-filter theory?
This is the time from the release of the stop closure to the onset of voicing.
What is voice onset time (VOT)?
This is the graphic representation of the frequency and intensity of the sound pressure wave as a function of time.
What is a spectrogram?
This is a region of volume velocity maximum, where particle vibration is at its maximum, and pressure variation is at its minimum.
What is an antinode?
This type of formant transition is associated with velar stops and consists of F2 and F3 being close together, then moving farther apart.
What is a velar pinch?
This is a narrowing of the vocal tract, usually via movement of one or more articulators, that affects airflow during sound production.
What is a constriction?
In general, the resonant frequency of F2 depends on this.
What is oral cavity size?
This refers to the placement of the vowel on the vertical axis of the vowel quadrilateral.
What is vowel height?
This is the turbulent airflow escaping through the narrow vocal folds upon release of a voiceless stop that can create a sound something like the voiceless fricative /h/.
What is aspiration?
This provides the source of the sound during vowel production.
What is vocal fold vibration?
This is one of three traditional features that provide the phonetic description of consonants, specifying the location or locations in the vocal tract at which the airflow is manipulated by the movement of one or more articulators.
What is place of articulation?
In general, the resonant frequency of F1 depends on this.
What is pharynx size?
Theses are seen in broadband spectrograms as dark vertical “lines” or “bands” running throughout voiced segments. They are a result of the pressure wave produced in each cycle of vocal fold vibration.
What are glottal pulses?
This is the brief transient burst of noise upon release of the occlusion and the impounded air during stop production.
What is a release burst?
This change to the vocal tract will lower ALL formant frequencies.
What is lip rounding?
This is the presence of voicing during the closed portion of a stop as seen in a spectrogram.
What is a voice bar?
This is a type of spectrogram that provides good information about the frequency characteristics of an acoustic wave. It is used to examine characteristics of the sound source, specifically the fundamental frequency and harmonics.
What is a narrowband spectrogram?