Theories of Stuttering
This is a representation of phenomena in terms of a set of variables and relationships between them.
What is a model?
This measure is used to quantify how non-disordered a person's speech sounds to a listener.
What is speech naturalness?
This is assessed via rote speech, imitation of single words, short phrases, loner sentences, spontaneous speech, monologue and dialogue; how these affect the client's fluency is considered.
What is linguistic complexity?
This is the effect of decreased disfluencies when re-reading a passage.
What is adaptation?
This type of therapy uses slowed rate, continuous forward moving speech (stretched speech), easy onset of phonation, light articulatory contacts, and airflow management.
What is fluency shaping?
This debunked theory viewed stuttering as the outcome of those with excessive nervousness or other neurotic/personality characteristics.
What are personality traits?
This interview technique starts with general discussions and personal interests of clients first, then gradually gets into more specific characteristics of the client's disorder.
What is funneling?
A speaker who appears annoyed, but not anxious about stuttering, whose fluency breaks are produced on function and content words, and whose fluency does not improve with repeated reading of a passage show signs of this type of stuttering.
What is neurogenic stuttering?
This theory posits that stuttering is a result of an improper balance of control between the brain's hemispheres, with the assumption that the left hemisphere should be language dominant.
What is cerebral dominance theory?
The main idea behind this therapy approach is that speech is a behavior that can be modified to be more fluent.
What is fluency shaping?
This theory attributed the onset of stuttering to labeling disfluent speech as such in a child.
What is diagnosogenic theory?
This is the count of repeated speech units during a moment of stuttering.
What are iterations?
This theory states that repeated, careful practice is required to master skilled movements.
What is motor learning?
Multiple types of disfluencies that occur within one word.
What is clustering?
This technique ask clients to insert a short, tension-free repetition or prolongation into his/her speech in order to desensitize the client to stuttering.
What is voluntary stuttering?
This is the theory that stuttering occurs when a child attempts speech and/or language that is beyond their current abilities.
What is the demands and capacities model?
These measures as part of a person's fluency profile include descriptive observations of behavior, situations, individual attitudes and emotions.
What are qualitative measurements?
Conditions that tend to enhance fluency in PWS and may even decrease fluency in NFS.
What are fluency-enhancing conditions?
These are linguistically predictable places where stuttering tends to occur; some differ between adults and children who stutter.
What are loci of stuttering?
This therapy approach's position is that the fears and anxiety behind stuttering are the main source of the problem, therefore reducing these and making it easier to get through the moment of stuttering should be targeted in treatment.
What is stuttering modification?
This is the hypothesis that stuttering results from a hyperactive self-monitoring system for speech, resulting in repeated attempts to repair the phonological representation.
What is the covert-repair hypothesis?
This kind of measurement includes frequency counts, iterations, pattern analysis, speech rate, and speech naturalness.
What is quantitative measurement?
The fact that stuttering rarely occurs in hearing impaired individuals leads some to suspect this.
What is that there an auditory defect that interferes with the speech feedback mechanism?
The fact that stuttering tends to run in families is evidence for this.
What is a genetic basis for stuttering (certain chromosomes linked to stuttering in studies of isolated populations)?
This technique is used to help the client and clinician better understand what happens during the moment of stuttering and increase awareness.
What is stuttering identification?