Chapter 9
"Th" is an example of what?
phoneme
What is functional fixedness?
tendency to assign fix functions to an object, which prevents us from looking at an object in a different way that could help us solve the problem.
what are pragmatic?
social rules, or world knowledge that help us communicate with others.
What is incremental interpretation?
we make judgements about what we think a sentence means before hearing the full sentence.
What is mental set?
Using the same methods you used to solve problems in the past, even thought you could solve the new problem using a different easier method to solve it.
What is the belief bias effect?
When people make judgments based on previous beliefs or general knowledge, rather than the rules of logic.
For example: if my finger is cut, then it bleeds. Therefore if my finger is bleeding, it is cut.
How does using visual images help with problem solving?
visual images often allow problems solvers to select non traditional solutions to problems, they allow them to scape the boundaries of concrete problem representation.
What is the hill climbing heuristic and what is one disadvantage of it?
When you reach a choice points, you choose the alternative that seems to lead you in the quickest direction to your goal.
Disadvantage: you are unable to predict all the future options available options. You may choose the path that seems like a good thing now but is not so good in the long run. Instead than the more direct and long path that leads to long term benefits.
Why is English more challenging that other languages?
The English language has more irregular pronunciations than other countries.
Example: in Spanish the letter p will always sound the same. But the p in phone does not sound the same as the p in plane.
What is the constructivist view of inferences, then what were the results of the Huitema et al. (1933) ?
readers usually draw inferences about the causes of events and the relationships between events, and so readers integrate previous knowledge into the text.
Results: inconsistent phrases were read more slowly regardless of wether they were close in proximity or far separate by lines.
- connected to the constructivist view, because readers try to make sense of the passage and consult their long term memory to comprehend the material.
Tell me about the elfs and goblins problem, what do people usually do and what do they usually avoid?
What is it? there are three goblins and three elves, they need to cross a river bank but there is only one boat which can carry only two beings at the time. You can never have more goblins than elfs on one side.
What do they do? they usually pause while tackling sub problems, and organizing their moves.
What do they avoid? moving backwards on a task ( such as moving goblins or elfs back and forth), they avoid moving further away from their goal state.
what are satisficers, and then what were the results of Schwarts and Colleagues (2002) the satisficer/maximixers scale.
What is it ? people that tend to settle for something that is satisfying, satisficers decision style.
Results: Maximazers showed more regrets, and higher depressive symptoms. More choices do not make you happy.
How would you encourage greater creativity, and what would you avoid because it might hinder creativity.
encourage creativity: intrinsic motivation ( doing something cause you are passionate avoid it)
hinder creativity: extrinsic motivation (doing something because of an external reward)