Independent and Relational Analyses
T/F: In independent analysis, we are looking at a child's speech in relation to the adult form of speech.
False! We're looking at the sounds a child is producing, not comparing that to what the word or sound should have been.
What are the two broad categories of vowel patterns?
Feature changes (A vowel feature changes in value) and complexity changes (changes in the diphthongal nature of vowels)
Syllable deletion typically occurs on __________ syllables.
unstressed
Name two characteristics of an uncommon phonological process.
1. A later-developing sound replaces an earlier developing sound
2. The child’s production constitutes an addition to the adult form
3. The child consistently uses a sound not present in the native language
4. The child uses a suprasegmental feature in a manner not seen in that language
What are the two broad categories of substitution?
Stopping and fronting
How many times must a phoneme be produced to be considered productive? Marginal? Absent?
Productive: 3+ times
Marginal: 1-2 times
Absent: 0 times
What are the four types of vowel patterns involving feature changes (i.e. height, frontness, roundness)?
Vowel backing – Vowel replaced with a more posterior vowel
Vowel lowering – Vowel replaced with a vowel made with lower tongue height
Centralization – Replacement of a vowel with a more central vowel
Vowel surrounding – Vowel that is normally rounded is produced without rounding
Which is more common, final consonant deletion or initial consonant deletion?
Final consonant deletion
What is the difference between a developmental vs an unusual process?
Developmental processes: Pronounced words in the same way across tasks (imitation, picture naming, and spontaneous naming) - are more amenable to change without any intervention
Unusual processes: More inconsistent—most errors occurred in spontaneous tasks. Less amenable to change without intervention
What are the two types of fronting? (BONUS 200: Give an example for each!)
Velar fronting: replacing a velar consonant /k, g, ng/ by a more anterior consonant (typically alveolar) (/kɪŋ/ to /nɪŋ/)
Palatal fronting (depalatalization): substituting an alveolar fricative for a palatal fricative OR an alveolar affricate for a palatal affricate (/ʃeɪk/ to /seɪk/)
Name three techniques used to gather connected speech sample.
1. Wordless picture book
2. Narrative
3. Structured play
BONUS POINTS REGAN LOVES YOU
What is reduplication?
Partial or total repetition of a syllable or word
What is metathesis? (BONUS 100: Give an example!)
The reversal of the position of two sounds; the sounds may be adjacent or not! (/moʊst/ to /moʊts/)
Explain progressive vs regressive assimilation. (BONUS 200: Give an example for each!)
Progressive: Sound that causes change precedes the affected sound (/pæt/ to /pæp/)
Regressive: Sound that causes change follows affected sound (/geɪm/ to /meɪm/)
Name three elements of speech that can be studied using relational analysis.
1. Phonological processes
2. Sound errors including substitutions, omissions, deletions, and additions
3. Word-position references
4. Syllable- and word-structure changes
5. Provides a window into the speech error patterns seen during naturalistic speech
What are the four types of vowel patterns involving complexity changes (i.e. changes in the diphthongal nature of vowels)?
Diphthongization: – A monophthong is produced as a diphthong
Diphthong reduction: – A vowel that is normally produced as a diphthong is reduced to a monophthong
T/F: Total cluster reduction is the reduction of a cluster of consonants to a single consonant.
False! Total cluster reduction is the complete deletion of a cluster of consonants.
What is medial consonant substitution? (BONUS 100: Give an example!)
The replacement of intervocalic consonants with one or more phonemes (/teɪtɚ/ to /teɪvɚ/)
What are two types of stopping? (BONUS 200: Give an example for each!)
1. Replacing fricatives or affricates with stop consonants (/ʃɔp/ to /tɔp/)
2. Replacing a continuant phoneme by a stop, affricate, or nasal (/seɪm/ to /deɪm/)
If the word "flying" is produced by a child as /fwiŋ/, what is the consonant position of the phoneme /w/?
SIWI (one of the initial consonants within the syllable, and the syllable is the first - and only - syllable in the word in the way that the child produced it.)
Give one example each for vowel harmony and derhoticization!
Vowel harmony: /jɛloʊ/ to /joʊloʊ/
Derhoticization: /kʌlɚ/ to /kʌlə/
What is epenthesis?
A process that results in the insertion of a vowel between two consonants (usually schwa)
What is apicalization? (BONUS 200: Give an example!)
A labial is replaced by an apical (tongue tip) consonant (/prɔp/ to /drɔp/)
What are the four types of assimilation? Give one example for each!
Velar assimilation: Alveolar consonant changes to become more like a velar consonant (/tɝdəl/ to /kɝdəl/)
Labial assimilation: A nonlabial consonant is replaced with a labial consonant in a context containing a labial consonant (/keɪp/ to /peɪp/)
Alveolar assimilation: Assimilation of a nonalveolar sound to an alveolar sound (/sup/ to /sut/)
Nasal assimilation: Assimilation of a nonnasal to a nasal consonant (/rum/ to /mum/)