Metabolism
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it
cannot be created or destroyed
What is The First Law of Thermodynamics?
Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix after Glycolysis
The Bridge Step
Examples of these would be Chlorophyll B and Carotenoids
Accessory Pigments
Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of _______, a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division
Chromatin
This has one set of chromosomes from each parent, example: fertilized egg
Zygote
The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
Bonus: What is it mediated by?
Energy Coupling
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Oxidizing and Reducing Agent?
O2 is oxidizing agent (is reduced)
Glucose is reducing agent (is oxidized)
In plants, generates ATP from ADP during the light reactions
Photophosphorylation
List the cell cycle for mitosis in the correct order
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (Mitosis: Division of Nucleus ; Cytokinesis: Division of Cytoplasm)
The only kind of cell that can undergo meiosis
Diploid Cells (2n)
Catalyze reactions by lowering the EA barrier
Enzymes (Do NOT affect delta G)
__ cycle(s) take place during the Krebs Cycle step of cellular respiration
2 (one for each Acetyl CoA)
Uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH
Cyclic Electron Flow
An apparatus of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis
Mitotic Spindle
Three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation
Crossing over, Independent Assortment of Chromosomes, Random Fertilization
May either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity
Allosteric Regulation
Form of it: Cooperativity
H+ ions then move down their concentration gradient back across the membrane, passing through channels in _________ , this is an example of ________ , the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work.
ATP Synthase ; chemiosmosis
Inputs, Outputs, and Where the Calvin Cycle takes place
Inputs: ATP , NADPH , CO2
Outputs: ADP + Pi , NADP+ , G3P (sugar)
Where: Stroma in Chloroplast cell
Two types of regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle control
cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
What does the letter n represent
The number of chromosomes in a single set in a given organism (Humans: 23 ; 2n = 46)
Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction
Induced Fit
Suppose you have 1 pyruvate molecule, proceed through cellular respiration after glycolysis
(this is a hypothetical question, you CAN have .5 of an ATP molecule in this scenario)
Bridge : 1 cycle; 1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, 1 CO2
Krebs Cycle : 1 cycle; 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
ETC : 1 ATP , 4 NADH x2.5 = 10 ATP , 1 FADH2 x1.5 = 1.5 : 12.5 ATP
_____ plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells. This step requires the enzyme ______
C4 , PEP Carboxylase
Explain/Draw the process from Prometaphase to Anaphase
Mitotic Spindle from centrosomes attaches to kinetochores on chromosomes, Nuclear envelope disappears into fragments, Chromosomes line up on Metaphase plate, Chromosomes pulled apart into daughter chromosomes by mitotic spindle, pulled towards centrosomes
Name the entirety of the meiosis cycles in order
Meiosis II: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II and Cytokinesis
Bonus: Name 3 differences between the two