Gene Regulation
What is a corepressor?
A corepressor is a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor to switch an operon off
What is uniformitarianism?
Mechanisms of change for a species are constant over time
What are the rules when making a binomial?
The first letter of the genus is capitalized and the entire binomial is italicized.
The entire species name is latinized
(CANIS LUPUS)? Canis lupus
The ______ ______ is a sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment.
Bottleneck Effect
What are you gonna get on the final? (Question for everyone)
100!
An _____ operon is one that is usually off; a small molecule called an _______ inactivates the repressor and turns on transcription
Inducible, inducer
________ is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
Phylogeny
What are homologous structures? Give an example
characteristics (e.g., anatomical similarities) that are shared by related species because they have been inherited from a common ancestor
What are the three mechanisms that contribute to the shuffling of alleles?
Crossing over, independent assortment, and fertilization
NOT MUTATIONS
What is the difference between Allopatric and Sympatric speciation?
Allopatric (separated): gene flow is interrupted or reduced when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
Sympatric (together): speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations
The inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence is called...
Epigenetic Inheritance
What is the difference between Homology and Analogy?
Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry.
Analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution
What is convergent evolution? Give an example
The evolution of similar, or analogous, features in distantly related groups
Flying squirrels in North America and Sugar gliders in Australia
What are the three main mechanisms can cause allele frequency change?
Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, Gene Flow
Bonus 100 pts: What is the 4th mechanism?
What is microevolution? What is macroevolution?
Microevolution consists of adaptations that evolve within a population, confined to one gene pool.
Macroevolution refers to evolutionary change above the species level.
What do siRNAs and miRNAs do?
miRNA or siRNA can target specific mRNAs for destruction
What are 2 of the 3 key points regarding evolution?
individuals do not evolve, rather populations evolve over time
Natural selection can amplify or diminish only heritable traits
Natural selection is always operating, but which traits are favored depends on environmental context
________ are aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure
Protobionts (protocells)
Natural selection favors certain genotypes by acting on the phenotypes of certain organisms.
What are 2/3 modes of selection? What are they?
Directional selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range.
Disruptive selection favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range.
Stabilizing selection favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes.
______ _____ is the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids.
What are the two barriers?
Reproductive Isolation
Prezygotic, Postzygotic
If lactose is present and cAMP levels are high, what occurs?
If tryptophan is present and the repressor is inactive, is the trp operon on or off?
lac: abundant mRNA synthesized
trp: On
What is a shared ancestral character? What is a shared derived character? Give an example
Shared ancestral character: a character that is shared beyond the taxon we are trying to define.
Shared derived character: an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade.
In mammals, a backbone is a shared ancestral character, hair is a character shared by all mammals but not found in their ancestors
Name 4/6 of the ways by which evolution was theorized to occur. Define 2 of them.
Scala Naturae, Catastrophism, Gradualism, Inheritance of acquired traits, Uniformitarianism, Natural Selection
What are the 5 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
The population is very large, Matings are random, No net changes in the gene pool due to mutation, No migrations of individuals into and out of the population, No natural selection
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 or p + q = 1
Prezygotic barriers impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does occur. What are the five ways this is exhibited?
Hint: isolation
Habitat isolation
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation