Square of Opposition
What kind of statement is this? "Some cars are not fuel efficient machines." A, E, I, or O?
O
True or false: A valid argument cannot have a false conclusion.
False.
What type of sentence is the following: If dragons live in Toronto, then they must pay rent.
Conditional.
What is the critical thinking mistake of appealing to tradition?
When someone argues that something is correct, good, or should continue simply because it has been done for a long time.
How would you answer this question on the final exam:
Is denying a disjunct still valid if it is based on a false disjunction? Give an example? (6 marks).
Define validity (1 mark)
Define/give form of denying a disjunct (1 mark)
Answer question (2 marks)
Example (2 marks)
What is the contradictory of "Some Presidents are former movie actors"?
No Presidents are former movie actors.
Is the following argument valid?
Every province in Canada has exactly one city as its capital. Therefore, since there are thirty provinces in Canada, there are thirty provincial capitals.
Yes.
Are the premises in the following argument dependent or independent: "You should watch that movie because the story is interesting and the acting is excellent."
Independent.
Identify the critical thinking mistake: "Foreign imports are wrecking our economy and savaging our workers, the backbone of this country. Buy Canadian! Before you put your money on that Honda, think of the guy in southern Ontario whose kids may not eat tomorrow."
Appeal to emotion.
True or false: If A is sufficient for B, then B is sufficient for A.
False. If A is sufficient for B, then B is necessary for A.
What is the subaltern of ”No logicians are really boring people”?
Some logicians are not really boring people.
Which of the following statements is true?
A. An argument cannot be both valid and unsound.
B. All valid arguments are sound arguments.
C. When the conclusion of an argument is true, the argument must be sound.
D. Every sound argument is valid.
D. Every sound argument is valid.
Sound = valid + true.
What is the conclusion of the following argument?
Software will soon be available entirely via the Internet. But it seems that software retailers will soon be in financial decline because software retailers do not sell software on the Internet.
Software retailers will soon be in financial decline.
Which of the following is not a critical thinking mistake?
A. Denying the Antecedent.
B. Affirming a Disjunct.
C. Affirming the Antecedent.
D. Affirming the Consequent.
C. Affirming the Antecedent (modus ponens).
Describe the following statement in conditional form: Eating lots of vegetables is essential to a healthy diet.
If a diet is healthy, then it includes eating lots of vegetables.
What may be inferred about the truth or falsehood of the following propositions if we assume "All aliens are green" is TRUE?
i. Some aliens are green. (true/false/undetermined)
ii. No aliens are green.(true/false/undetermined)
iii. Some aliens are not green. (true/false/undetermined)
What may be inferred about the truth or falsehood of the following propositions if we assume "All aliens are green" is TRUE?
i. Some aliens are green. (true/false/undetermined)
ii. No aliens are green.(true/false/undetermined)
iii. Some aliens are not green. (true/false/undetermined)
Can the argument pattern “denying the consequent” have true premises and a false conclusion?
No. Denying the consequent (modus tollens) is a valid argument form. A valid argument cannot have true premises and a false conclusion.
Diagram the following argument:
Coupons give you a discount at the cash register. If you want to save money, you should use coupons.
1 ---> 2
Identify the critical thinking mistake:
My opponent wants to take your guns away and make it so that you can’t defend your family. They want criminals to ravage your neighbourhoods. I believe in the Constitution and freedom and I want to protect your right to look out for your loved ones.
Strawman.
Identify the target population, sample population, relevant property, and quantifier in the following argument:
A university study surveyed 400 students enrolled in advanced science courses and found that 83% plan to pursue graduate studies. Since the students came from different universities, the study concludes that most university students plan to pursue graduate studies.
Target population: All university students
Sample population: The 400 students enrolled in advanced science courses from different universities
Relevant property: Planning to pursue graduate studies.
Quantifier: 83%
Can the argument "E, therefore O" have true premises and a false conclusion?
No. No S are P” therefore “Some S are not P is valid. Valid arguments cannot have true premises and a false conclusion.
Which invalid argument pattern confuses a sufficient condition for a necessary one?
Denying an antecedent.
Diagram the following argument:
Since plastics do not decompose, plastic products pose a threat to the environment. Drinking straws are made of plastic, so straws pose a threat to the environment.
1--> 2
2 + 3 --> 4
Which of the following critical thinking mistakes could be valid:
A. Affirming the Consequent.
B. Affirming a Disjunct.
C. Denying a Disjunct.
D. Denying the Antecedent.
E. None of these can be valid.
B. Affirming a Disjunct (if the disjunction is exclusive).
Conditional table