Coarticulation & Assimilation
What is coarticulation? Give at least one example.
The influence of the articulation of one sound on the articulation of other sounds in the same utterance.
Example: the "a" in "pang" become slight nasalized in anticipation of the /ŋ/
What are three of the suprasegmentals?
Prosody, intonation, stress, duration
List three types of instrumentation used in biofeedback.
Electroglottography (EGG)
Ultrasound
Electropalatography (EPG)
CSL Real-Time Pitch
Where is the transducer emitting ultrasound waves placed on the individual undergoing the ultrasound scan?
Below the mandible
Name three objective measurement types we can measure with instrumentation
Fluctuations in jitter/shimmer
Frequency range
Amplitude range
Harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR)
What is assimilation? Give one example.
The complete substitution of one phoneme for one or more other phonemes.
example: "rain gauge" becoming /reɪŋeɪdʒ/
What is intonation and how do we use it in speech?
Intonation = variation in pitch
We use intonation to differentiate between types of sentences (statement vs question) and to express emotions
What is one major element of speech in children that we can detect using electropalatography?
Covert contrast!
T/F: Ultrasound allows viewers to determine issues at the level of the glottis.
False! Ultrasound only addresses tongue-related issues.
What are three factors commonly seen in patients with motor speech disorders?
- Increased pitch declination
- Sentence/utterance boundary signals (final word stress, final pitch, breath placement) may be deceptive
- May not coordinate the need for respiratory support with upcoming planned utterance
What are the two types of coarticulation?
Anticipatory: A sound being influenced by another sound coming after it
Carryover (same as perseveratory): A sound being influenced by another sound preceding it
What is stress and how do we use it in speech?
Stress = emphasis on a particular sound or sounds - combination of effort, intensity, pitch, duration, and formant pattern
We use this to emphasize particular words or syllables for clarity or emphasis
Which form of biofeedback is particularly good for assessing and training intonation patterns?
CSL Real-Time Pitch! (client can replicate a given intonation pattern in real time)
What is the sagittal view used for in ultrasound scans?
Can be used to visualize anterior-posterior contrasts (e.g. /t/ vs /k/, since it is a side view.
What are the three vocal registers?
Modal register - normal vocal quality and range
Falsetto register - higher than normal speaking range
Pulse register (vocal fry) - lower than normal speaking range
Provide one example of anticipatory coarticulation in speech.
the schwa in "opening" (/oʊpənɪŋ/) is eliminated (/oʊpnɪŋ/)
What is duration and how do we use it in speech?
Duration = generally changing the length of a vowel (volitionally or involuntarily)
We use duration for emphasis and to speak to young children
What is a common function of biofeedback regardless of the program being used?
The use of visualization - client is presented with a visualization of a target sound, then asked to replicate it in real time
What is the coronal view used for in ultrasound scans?
Looks at lateral bracing and tongue grooving - central groove is important for correct production of strident fricatives and may also be present in /r/.
What is the harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR)?
HNR compares the loudness of the harmonics of the vocal source versus extraneous noise. Higher = better, and usually reported in dB.
Provide one example of carryover coarticulation in speech.
the "s" in "dogs" becomes a /z/ (voiced)
What is the lack of intonation called in speech?
Monotone speech
REGAN LOVES U GET SOMETHING FREE FOR ONCE IN THIS LIFE
P O I N T S
Why is an ultrasound scan particularly helpful for assessment of /r/?
/r/ features lip-rounding plus two major tongue constrictions: bunching of the tip (retroflex) and raising the anterior of the tongue near the palate.
What are the six measurable parameters that contribute to normal voice quality according to Zemlin (1998)?
Speech fundamental frequency (SFF)
MPFR
MPT
Dynamic range
Jitter/shimmer
HNR (Harmonics-to-noise ratio)