Atoms and Molecules
This subatomic particle has a negative charge and is shared unequally in polar covalent bonds.
What is an electron?
The monomers of carbohydrates are also called simple sugars.
What are monosaccharides?
This term refers to all the chemical reactions occurring in a living organism.
What is metabolism?
This molecule is known as the “energy currency” of the cell.
What is ATP?
This first stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.
What is glycolysis?
Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms creates this property in a molecule.
What is polarity (charge difference)?
Glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula but different structures; this makes them this type of molecules.
A metabolic reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller ones is classified as this.
What is anabolic reaction? (anabolism)
ATP releases energy when it is converted into this molecule.
What is ADP?
This cellular organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell.
What is the mitochondrion?
The atomic-level interaction that causes phospholipid heads to be hydrophilic is due to this type of bond.
What is a polar covalent bond?
These are the monomers that make up all proteins.
What are amino acids?
Glycolysis is an example of this type of metabolic reaction.
What is catabolism?
A reaction with negative Gibbs free energy is described as this.
What is spontaneous?
This stage of cellular respiration produces most of the ATP
What is electron transport chain?
These phospholipid parts face inward in the cell membrane because they avoid water.
What are hydrophobic (non-polar) tails?
A protein loses its function when heat or pH changes alter its shape; this process is called this.
What is denaturation?
The formation of lactose from glucose and galactose is an example of this process.
What is anabolism?
This process uses a proton gradient across a membrane to generate ATP.
What is chemiosmosis?
The process that uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor occurs during this type of respiration.
What is aerobic respiration?
This scientific idea explains why chemistry is essential for understanding biological structures like membranes.
What is that biology is based on atomic composition and bonding?
These biomolecules are best suited for long-term energy storage due to their high energy density.
What are lipids?
The metabolic pathway allows organisms to produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
What is gluconeogenesis?
The main reason cells require energy is to counteract this natural tendency toward disorder.
What is entropy?
If ATP production stopped, this essential cellular process would be affected first.
What is active transport?