Amendments
freedom of religion (church/mosque), freedom of speech (criticize), freedom of press (media), freedom of assembly (peaceful protest), freedom to petition (ask for change)
1st Amendment
established judicial review, which gave Supreme Court power to declare laws unconstitutional
Marbury vs. Madison
supported Constitution, wanted strong central gov’t, believed it created a more stable Union; Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
Federalist Party
1st gov’t; weak because feared abuse of power; NO: executive branch, regulate trade; YES: negotiate treaties, declare war
Articles of Confederation
rocky soil, cold climate, harbors, fishing, lumber, and shipbuilding; founded for religious freedom
New England Colonies
no unreasonable search or seizure
4th Amendment
established federal rule over interstate trade
Gibbons vs. Ogden
against Constitution, wanted more power given to state gov’ts, wanted a bill of rights; Patrick Henry and George Mason
Anti-Federalist Party
process for admitting new states to U.S., population requirement to apply = 60,000 settlers; territories govern themselves
Northwest Ordinance
rich farmland, moderate climate, grew oats, wheat, grain, and raised livestock
Middle Colonies
right to trial by jury
6th Amendment
Indian Removal Act forced Natives off lands; Cherokee sued to keep land; Court favored Natives; Jackson ignored the Court and forced Natives to relocate to present-day Oklahoma
Worchester vs. Georgia
- led by Alexander Hamilton; wanted: 1) a stronger federal gov’t, 2) an industrial economy, 3) a federal bank
Federalist Party
decided how many representatives large and small states would send to the bicameral Congress
Great Compromise
fertile soil, warm climate, cash crops; Transatlantic Slave Trade provided slave labor for plantations; founded mainly for economic reasons; Jamestown, Virginia
Southern Colonies
freedom from cruel or unusual punishment
8th Amendment
Slaves of African descent are not citizens and cannot sue; Slaves were property, and the government had no right to take property away from its citizens
Dred Scott vs. Sanford
led by Thomas Jefferson; wanted: 1) less federal gov’t power, 2) an agricultural economy, 3) state banks
Democratic-Republican Party
agreement over how slaves would count for representation and taxation purposes
Three-Fifths Compromise
founded for Catholics seeking religious freedom
Maryland
rights not given to the federal gov’t are given to the states; created federalism which prevents abuse of power by central gov’t
10th Amendment
the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government does not have to pay taxes to the states
McCulloch vs. Maryland
took control after Lincoln’s death; punished Confederate leaders and Southerners for Civil War
Radical Republicans
each branch of government has some power over the other two branches; helps to prevent anyone branch from becoming too powerful
Checks and Balances
New England colony; Puritans/Pilgrims founded for religious freedom; Boston major port city
Massachusetts