Thought and Reasoning
Structure of thought.
Concept, Judgement and Reasoning.
Act of relating two or more propositions that leads to a conclusion.
Inferring.
Emerged in the nineteenth, as an answer to issues of logic-mathematics and other matters related to language and propositions.
Modern logic.
Misleading reasoning where there is no logical relationship between premises and conclusion.
Fallacies.
It was developed in the nineteenth century by the Englishmen George Boole and Augustus De Morgan, and followed by the German mathematician Gottlob Frege.
Language used in Modern Logic.
Mental representation of an object, and it is the simplest element of thought.
Concept.
The words and statements of our inferences must have the same and unique meaning throughout them.
Principle of Identity.
Deductive reasoning, whose structure consists of three propositions: two of them correspond to the premisses and the third, which is necessarily inferred from these two, is the conclusion.
Syllogism.
It happens when we seek to support our arguments in popular opinions and not because of the confidence that they are right.
Appeal to popularity fallacy.
This logic deals with analyzing formally valid reasonings based on their propositions.
Propositional Logic.
Mental process through which some particular qualities of an object are mentally separated to focus on specific common characteristics.
Abstraction.
Principle of non-Contradiction.
Nothing can be and not be at the same time, because it falls in a sense and causes confusion.
Propose the syllogism in ancient Greece.
Aristotle.
Seeks to expose an idea that moves the feeling or pity instead of offering reasons. The so-called "emotional blackmail" is common.
Appeal to emotions.
Includes mathematical operations whose base of reasoning is deductive, is used to check the validity of the arguments.
Demonstration.
What is judgement?
Complex mental operation that enunciates the relationship that exists between two or more concepts.
It tells us that by having two statements that contradict each other, necessarily one of them must be false and other true.
Principle of Excluded Middle (third excluded).
How many types of propositions or judgements exists?
4.
Universal affirmative, universal negative, affirmative particular, negative particular.
Consists in generalizing from very few observed cases.
False generalization.
This logic focuses on indicating the belonging or non-belonging of an element within a set, according to the properties it shares with it.
Class Logic.
Coherent relation between two judgements or propositions to obtain a new judgement as a conclusion. It is based on inferences.
Reasoning.
"On television, they affirm that reincarnation is possible".
That proposition violate the principle of...
Principle of Sufficient Reason.
Is where the relation between the Minor term and the Major term is established, considering that the Middle term doesn't appear in this proposition.
Conclusion.
He defined fallacies as arguments that, while they are incorrect, can be psychologically persuasive.
Irving Copi.
Proposed a logic of propositions to get rid of interpretive ambiguities and be more accurate.
Gottlob Frege.