Thought and Reasoning
Mental process through which some particular qualities of an object are mentally separated to focus on specific common characteristics.
Abstraction
Branch of philosophy which deals with the study of rules as well as the correct and valid forms of reasoning through various procedures and methods.
Logic
The act of relating two or more propositions that leads to a conclusion.
Inferring
Logic has discovered four principles that must be assumed as fundamental norms to correct reasoning, which are they??
Principle of identity, non-contradiction, of excluded middle and of sufficient reason.
Types of misleading reasoning; where there is no logical relationship between premises and conclusion.
Fallacies
What is thought?
It is all that mental process that occurs due to intellect and rationality.
What are premisses?
Propositions that offer reasons, justify and lead to the conclusion.
In this type of inference we start from various observations made about the same fact or object, so that the conclusion is a statement that can be generalized to all cases that share the properties observed so far.
Inductive inference
This principle say that it is impossible to affirm that a propositions is true and false at the same time and under the same circumstances.
Principle of non-Contradiction
This fallacy consists in generalizing from very few observed cases.
False generalization
What is concept?
It is the mental representation of an object, and it is the simplest element of thought.
The general proposition followed by the premisses.
Conclusion
This type of inference leads to necessary conclusions; part of the facts and absolute security.
Deductive inference
This principle say that the words and statements of our inferences must have te same and unique meaning throughtout them. Affirms that what is, is.
Principle of Identity
This fallacy is used when it is intended to offer the ignorance of something as an explanation to evade reponsability.
Appeal to ignorance
What is judgment?
It is a complex mental operation that enunciates the relationship that exists between two or more concepts.
What is argument?
It is the reasoning by which an idea is demonstrated or justified.
The central idea that you must defend or prove with reasons, which are referred to as premisses.
Conclusion
This principle say that to decide that a premiss is true or false, it is necessary to have reasons to support such a decision.
Principle of Sufficient Reason
This fallacy consists of the use of force -physical or verbal- to impose a vision or opinion. Hence in reality there is no kind of argument or dialogue.
Appeal to Force
One of the most complex mental operations since it imples the coherent relation between two judgments or propositions to obtain a new judgment as a conclusion.
Reasoning
Words that help us know if the statements of which they are part are premisses or conclusion.
Logical indicators
How it is valid a deductive argument?
If the premisses fully support the conclusion
This principle tells us that by having two statements that contradict each other, necessarily one of them must be false and the other true.
Principle of Excluded Middle (third excluded)
It occurs when an idea or agument is not anylized but is taken for granted as correct and valid for having been issued by a person or institution with a supposed recognition on the subject.
Appeal to authority