SIS
Name the 3 Investigation Designs
Experimental
Quantitative Observational
Qualitative
Give one elaboration for Influence
Psychological knowledge and its application are both influenced by, and influence economic, sociocultural, religious, ideological, political, and environmental perspectives in a local, national, and global context.
The use of psychological knowledge may have positive, negative, or unexpected consequences that require monitoring, assessment, and evaluation. The use of psychological knowledge must take into account risks and ethical considerations.
How were Milgram and Zimbardo's investigations similar?
Zimbardo and Milgram shared a common goal: to understand how individuals are affected by the power of situations and external influences
Both concluded that situational factors, rather than dispositional factors play a significant role in the behaviours exhibited at any given time.
In both studies the group of test subjects all were reported to have a change in personality.
Both Zimbardo and Milgram found it difficult to end their studies even though it was clear it was causing harm to their volunteers. Both studies used authority figures.
Both conducted a controlled observation in laboratory conditions
Define positive refinforcement
Adding a stimulus which increases the likelihood that the behaviour will occur.
Explain the difference between participant, situational and experimental variables
A group of researchers are investigating the influence of financial incentives on decision-making among middle-school students. They design a study where participants are promised a financial reward in exchange for their involvement.
The researchers tell the participants that they were studying the effectiveness of a new decision-making
training course for school students and divide them into a group that undertakes a seemingly realistic training course and a different group does not. Afterwards, both groups were exposed to a simulation via VR headsets that required them to make a range of decisions based on a scenario.
However, the real intention of the researchers was to explore how a financial incentive would impact
decision-making. The researchers picked random participants from both groups and, when explaining the potential benefits of the study, subtly emphasised the monetary value throughout the consent process.
All participants were promised a financial reward at the start of the investigation, but only the randomly
selected participants were exposed to the repeated references to a “significant financial reward for your
involvement” throughout the consent process.
Identify, with evidence, the IV and DV of the real investigation being conducted by the researchers.
What are the two elaborations for Development and Application?
Developments in research and technology lead to advances in psychological understanding.
The application of psychological understanding can enable scientists to develop solutions, design actions, and evaluate and respond to economic, sociocultural, and environmental factors.
How could a western researcher develop behavioural counts without bias when conducting Indigenous research?
Cultural immersion
community engagement
ongoing feedback
consultation with elders
participant involvement
Describe how the process of extinction would occur in classical conditioning.
In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when a previously learned association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) weakens as the CS is presented repeatedly without the US. As a result, the conditioned response (CR) gradually diminishes and eventually disappears.
Explain how Biological, Psychological, and Social factors could determine the cause of people becoming addicted to bullying others?
Biological Factors:
Psychological Factors:
Social Factors:
What is the importance of a control group?
A control group is crucial in research because it provides a baseline for comparison against the experimental group.
Control group helps researchers assess the true effects of the independent variable.
It allows them to determine whether any observed differences in the experimental group are due to the manipulation or other factors.
The control group ensures that researchers can confidently attribute any changes or effects to the independent variable, enhancing the validity and reliability of the study's findings.
Explain two aspects of the SHE concept of communication and collaboration.
Science is a global enterprise that relies on clear communication, international conventions, and review and verification of results.
Collaboration between psychologists and stakeholders advances research and understanding. It requires shared evidence from many sources in a multidisciplinary approach.
Describe three factors that influence obedience.
1. Authority Figures: People tend to obey authority figures, especially those perceived as legitimate and credible. The presence of an authoritative figure can trigger a sense of obligation and the belief that they possess more knowledge or expertise.
2. Social Norms: Conformity to social norms can drive obedience. When individuals see others complying with certain requests, they might feel compelled to follow suit, assuming that the behaviour is acceptable or expected within the group.
3. Proximity: The physical and psychological proximity of the authority figure influences obedience. When the authority is physically closer, commands are more likely to be followed. Additionally, remote authorities, like orders from a distant superior, might be less compelling due to reduced personal connection.
Describe how cognitive-behavioural therapy could be tailored to meet different people’s needs.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is personalised by setting unique goals, addressing individual thought patterns, and adapting behavioural strategies to suit specific issues and preferences. Therapists also consider cultural and contextual factors, making CBT highly customisable to meet diverse people's needs.
Discuss why some people's attitude has clearly influenced their behaviour, and for others, there is no obvious outward display of the attitude. In your response discuss attitude strength, accessibility, and specificity.
The link between attitude and behaviour can vary due to factors such as attitude strength, accessibility, and specificity. Some people's attitudes clearly influence their behaviour, while the connection may not be obvious in others.
1. Attitude Strength:
- Strong Attitudes: When attitudes are strongly held and deeply ingrained, they are more likely to influence behaviour. Individuals with strong attitudes tend to act consistently with those attitudes.
- Weak Attitudes: Weak attitudes might not strongly impact behaviour. People with ambivalent or weakly held attitudes might not show consistent alignment between their attitudes and behaviour.
2. Accessibility:
- High Accessibility: Attitudes that are readily accessible in one's mind are more likely to impact behaviour. If an attitude comes to mind easily, it's more likely to guide actions.
- Low Accessibility: Attitudes that are not easily accessible might not affect behaviour. If an attitude is not at the forefront of one's thoughts, it might not influence actions.
3. Specificity:
- Specific Attitudes: Specific attitudes related to a particular behaviour are more likely to predict that behaviour. When attitudes directly relate to a situation, they tend to guide actions.
- General Attitudes: General attitudes that are not closely linked to a specific behaviour might not translate into observable actions. An attitude about a broad concept might not be tied to a specific behaviour.
Describe how qualitative investigations could take place
Delphi
Focus group
One key concept within the topic of Science as a Human Endeavour (SHE) is the idea that science
is a ‘global enterprise’. This idea falls within the SHE aspect of Communication & Collaboration,
specificallyy its first elaboration:
➢ Science is a global enterprise that relies on clear communication, international conventions,
and review and verification of results.
Explain what is meant by the idea of science being a global enterprise
What are the differences between the central route and the peripheral route in terms of the audience?
Central:
Peripheral:
Describe how schedules of reinforcement affect learning, extinction, and performance.
Variable Ratio (VR): Rewards after unpredictable responses, encouraging consistent performance. Learning is rapid, and extinction is slow.
Variable Interval (VI): Rewards are given at unpredictable time intervals, promoting steady behaviour. Learning is slower than VR, with moderate resistance to extinction.
Fixed Ratio (FR): Rewards after a fixed number of responses, causing high response rates. Learning is quick, but extinction happens relatively fast.
Fixed Interval (FI): Rewards at fixed time intervals, leading to a pattern of intermittent behaviour. Learning is slower, with moderate resistance to extinction.
Each schedule has distinct effects on learning and performance, impacting how behaviours are acquired, maintained, and extinguished.
Outline the three major principles of CBT.
Targeted Cognitive Restructuring
Individualised Behavioural Interventions
Cultural and Contextual Sensitivity
Timothy knew which participants were consuming 0mg of caffeine, and which participants were consuming 50mg of caffeine and 100mg of caffeine. The participants did not know how much they were consuming.
Was this experiment a blind procedure or a double-blind procedure? Explain.
The experiment described in the scenario is a single-blind procedure. In a single-blind procedure, the participants are unaware of the specific condition or treatment they are receiving, but the researcher is aware of it.
The purpose of blinding procedures is to minimise bias and the potential influence of expectations on the outcomes, ensuring a more objective assessment of the treatment effects.
Recent research conducted at Griffith University by Dr. Arthur Poropat has discovered that personality is a better indicator of academic success than an individual's intelligence. His investigation had the following three key findings:
1. Individuals who possessed a personality high in the traits of Conscientiousness and Openness scored, on average, a full grade-band higher than other students.
2. Students who consider themselves ‘highly intelligent’ often stop trying and their performance declines over time.
3. Students who consider themselves ‘hard workers’ tend to get progressively better over time.
Poropat published these findings in the journal Learning and Individual Differences, alongside the conclusion that educational institutions need to focus less upon intelligence and instead, pay more attention to each student's personality.
Describe, using evidence from the source, how one specific Science as a Human Endeavour
concept is demonstrated by the research conducted by Dr. Arthur Poropat.
Influence: Dr. Poropat's research influences a shift in education from focusing on intelligence to considering personality traits, impacting local and global educational perspectives.
Development and Application: The findings could lead to new educational approaches, applying psychological knowledge to enhance learning based on personality traits.
Communication and Collaboration: The research contributes to global dialogue on education and underscores the importance of clear communication and collaboration in reshaping educational strategies.
Define the following:
- Confirmation Bias
- Attribution Bias
- Gender Bias
- Conformity Bias
Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information to confirm pre-existing beliefs or expectations while disregarding or downplaying contradictory information.
Attribution bias involves attributing others' actions or behaviour to internal factors (such as personality or disposition) while attributing one's own actions to external factors (such as situational influences).
Gender bias is the tendency to have stereotypes or prejudiced attitudes towards individuals or groups based on their gender. It can result in unequal treatment or assumptions about an individual's abilities, roles, or behaviours based on their gender.
Conformity bias is the inclination to adopt the opinions, beliefs, or behaviours of a group to fit in or avoid conflict, even if these choices may not align with one's own beliefs or values.
Describe the evidence for mirror cells in the brain being involved in observational learning.
Evidence for mirror neurons' involvement in observational learning comes from brain imaging studies. These studies show that when people observe an action, the same mirror neurons that fire when performing that action become active, suggesting their role in learning through observation and imitation.
Explain, with an example for each, two ways learning through observation is different then learning
through operant conditioning.
Learning through Observation: This is a form of social learning, where individuals acquire new behaviors and knowledge by watching others. For example, a child learns to tie shoelaces by observing and imitating a parent's actions.
Learning through Operant Conditioning: This involves learning through consequences, where behaviours are strengthened or weakened based on the outcomes they produce. For instance, a student studies hard (behaviour) to receive good grades (positive reinforcement), leading to increased future study. In contrast, observational learning doesn't involve direct consequences but relies on imitation and role modelling.