Application 1
A person continues using a substance despite negative consequences in their personal and professional life. This behavior is a hallmark of what condition?
These slow brain waves are present when you're awake but in a relaxed state, like when you're meditating or about to fall asleep.
What are alpha waves?
A person unexpectedly falls asleep in the middle of the day, even during activities like talking or eating. What sleep disorder are they likely experiencing?
What is narcolepsy?
This hormone helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle and increases as it gets dark.
What is melatonin?
A common sleep disorder that makes it difficult to fall or stay asleep.
What is insomnia?
A doctor prescribes a medication for a patient with severe chronic pain after surgery. This medication is from which class of drugs that includes morphine and oxycodone?
What are opioids?
During the transition to sleep, someone feels like they are falling or floating, causing them to suddenly jerk awake. What is this phenomenon called?
What are hypnagogic sensations?
According to this theory, dreams are the brain's way of making sense of random neural activity during sleep?
What is the activation synthesis theory?
After being deprived of REM sleep, a person may experience an increase in REM sleep with more vivid dreams. What is this phenomenon called?
What is REM rebound?
A person with damage to their visual cortex who can respond to visual stimuli without consciously seeing them is demonstrating this phenomenon.
What is blindsight?
A person using this powerful stimulant drug experiences extreme hyperactivity and sleeplessness, but long-term use is associated with brain damage and paranoia. What drug are they using?
What are methamphetamines?
A person in this deep stage of sleep is hard to awake and experiences the slowest brain waves, crucial for physical recovery.
What is NREM Stage 4?
Ashley did not get enough sleep over the last several nights. She is experiencing increased levels of a stress hormone, which contributes to feelings of anxiety and tension.
What is cortisol?
This stimulant drug provides a short-term high by blocking the reuptake of dopamine but can lead to significant addiction and health problems
What is cocaine?
These slow brain waves are associated with deep sleep, primarily occurring during NREM stages 3 and 4.
What are delta waves?
A person uses an opioid drug intravenously and soon develops intense cravings for more, as well as withdrawal symptoms when they try to quit. What illicit drug are they most likely addicted too?
What is heroin?
A nurse who works night shifts reports chronic fatigue, mood swings, and difficulty concentrating. These symptoms are likely due to what long-term disruption?
What is circadian rhythm?
A person with untreated sleep apnea is at risk of developing serious cardiovascular problems due to the repeated drops in oxygen levels during sleep. What real-world consequences can result from this condition?
What are hypertension, heart attack, and stroke?
Although this substance is legal and widely used, it acts as a depressant on the central nervous system and can impair judgement and motor skills.
What is alcohol?
The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the terminal buttons of a sending neuron after they have performed their function is known as this.
What is reuptake?
In a long-term recovery program, patients use a synthetic opioid under medical supervision to prevent relapse.
What is methadone?
An older adult thrashes and acts out their dreams during REM sleep, a condition that often precedes neurodegenerative diseases. What is this disorder called?
What is REM Sleep Behavior Disorder?
A person under chronic stress and experiencing sleep deprivation is more likely to gain weight due to high levels of cortisol and an imbalance between which two appetite-regulating hormones?
What are leptin and ghrelin?
A person diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea might use a CPAP machine to maintain their airway during sleep. What does CPAP stand for?
What is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure?
This set of brain structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus, is primarily associated with emotions, memory, and arousal.
What is the limbic system?