Experiments
A "fake" treatment that looks just like the treatments being tested
What is a placebo?
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)
(A and B disjoint)
What is the Addition Rule?
P(B|A)
What is the probability that B occurs given that A occurs?
sum xP(x)
What is the formula for calculating the Expected Value of a random variable X?
If the assumptions of independence and random sampling are met, and the sample size is large enough, the meaning of sigma/n
What is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?
When the human subjects in a study don't know which treatment they are receiving
What is 'blind' or 'blinding' ?
P(A cap B) = P(A) dot P(B)
(A and B independent)
What is the Multiplication Rule?
If P(A|B) = P(A) then _____
What shows that A and B are independent?
sum (x - mu)^2P(x)
What is the formula for the Variance of a random variable X?
If the assumptions of independence and random sampling are met, and we expect at least 10 successes and 10 failures, the meaning of sqrt((pq)/n)
What is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution model of the sample proportion?
A group that doesn't receive the treatments that other groups receive
What is a control group?
The sum of the probabilities for all outcomes of a trial
What is 1?
P(A cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A cap B)
What is the General Addition Rule?
P(x) = ((n),(x)) p^x q^(n-x)
What is the Binomial probability model, that finds the probability of x successes in n trials?
The sampling distribution model of the sample mean (and proportion) from a random sample is approximately Normal, for large n
What is the Central Limit Theorem?
Grouping similar individuals into groups to reduce unwanted variation among the subjects
What is blocking?
P(A^c) = 1 - P(A)
What is the Complement Rule?
P(A cap B) = P(A) cdot P(B|A)
What is the General Multiplication Rule?
Var (X pm Y) =
(if X and Y independent)
What is Var(X) + Var(Y) ?
How the standard deviation of test scores for smaller schools compares to the standard deviation of test scores for larger schools
What is "smaller schools' test scores have more variability than larger schools' scores" ?
When levels of one factor are associated with the levels of another factor
What is confounding?
As we repeat a random process over and over, the proportion of times that an event occurs settles down to one number - the probability of the event.
What is the Law of Large Numbers?
When two disjoint events are independent
What is never?
When sampling without replacement, trials are not independent. It's still okay to treat them as independent as long as the random sample is smaller than X% of the population.
What is 10% ?
This is required when the original data set is skewed and you want to treat the sampling distribution of the mean as Normal
What is a large sample size n?