Ethics/Mystery
When is deception justified?
When the benefits outweigh the costs, and when the researcher debriefs participant after the study is completed.
Define population vs sample.
Sample: group of people drawn from population
Population: all possible individuals of interest
A researcher is studying whether or not ice cream makes children happy. They accept their alternative hypothesis that ice cream does make children significantly happier, when in reality, it does not (lactose intolerance). This is an example of...
Type I error.
As ___________ validity increases, ___________ validity decreases.
Internal, external. Difficult to generalize when the experiment is highly controlled.
You want to see the relationship between how well someone scores on a test (0-100) and how many hours of sleep they get the night before.
Pearson's Correlation
Informed consent includes all of the following except:
a. purpose of the research
b. procedures used
c. consequences of withdraw from research
d. confidentiality
C. consequences of withdraw from research
What is probability sampling?
Probability sampling utilizes random selection to ensure that each member of the population has a equal chance to be selected
Define temporal precedence
A must come before B
Do items that propose to measure the same general construct produce similar scores?
Ex: cronbach's alpha
Internal consistency reliability
A researcher wants to see if there is a difference between boys and girls and how aggressively they play with dinosaurs. She takes a classroom of 8-year-olds and lets each child play with dinosaurs for 5 minutes. Her research assistant rates the number of aggressive acts per child.
Independent t test
Assign the following basic ethical priniciple to the following descriptions: Autonomy, Beneficence, and Justice.
1. Maximize benefit and minimize harm
2. Fair distribution of risks and benefits of research
3. Individuals have free-choice to participate and are not pressured to partake
2. Justice
3. Autonomy
What is stratified sampling?
Used to ensure that the proportional representation of groups in the sample is the same as the population. Population is split into 'strata' and members of each group have an equal chance of random selection.
Define quasi-experimental design.
Empirical study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on a target population without using random assignment.
A researcher is studying child enjoyment while playing with barbies by recording facial expressions. She trains two researchers to record different types of emotions throughout a 10 minute play session. At the end of the observation period, she found that her researchers had similar results recorded. This is an example of _________.
Interrater reliability
A professor at Harvard wants to know if walking to campus predicts higher levels of happiness in his students during his 3:00 class.
What are the different measures of central tendency and which is sensitive to outliers?
Mean, median, mode and range. Mean is sensitive to outliers.
What is the difference between sampling bias vs sampling error?
Sampling bias: the systematic differences between the characteristics of a sample vs a population
Sampling error: the discrepancy between a sample statistic and its population parameter
What are the 4 tenets of science?
1. Empiricism
2. Falsifiability
3. Replicability
4. Parsimony
Practice effects and maturation effects are threats to...
Internal validity
A parenting expert would like to know if having a strict bed time reduces the number of temper tantrums that toddlers have. Participants are placed in two groups; one with strict bed times and one without. The number of temper tantrums are recorded at 6 weeks, 8 weeks, and 10 weeks.
Mixed methods ANOVA
Assign the following scales to their appropriate category of measurement.
1. credit score
2. Michelin stars
3. Marital status
4. Likert Scale (1-10)
5. Height
1. Interval
2. Ordinal/Rank
3. Nominal
4. Interval
5. Ratio
A study measuring common cold symptoms on college campuses only selects students who visited the clinic during their cold. Due to this way of assignment, researchers do not have information on students who did not visit the clinic when they were sick. This is an example of ________, and could have been avoided with _________.
Selection bias
Randomization
Mediation: how and why. Explains the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable
Moderation: Variable effects the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable.
Identify which type of construct validity is being measured for each example below.
1. A measure about fitness produces similar scores to a measure about health.
2. A buzzfeed survey about what Greys Anatomy character you are asks you about what kind of surgeon you would like to be.
3. A measure about depression does not produce similar scores to a life satisfaction measure.
4. A survey asking about knowledge of skiing encompasses all facets of what it takes to be a skier.
5. A survey that demonstrates inattentiveness produces similar results to a field observation of a student who has difficulty paying attention in class.
6. A survey asking about couples compatibility is consistent with future marital satisfaction rates.
1. Convergent validity
2. Face validity
3. Discrimnant validity
4. Content validity
5. Concurrent validity
6. Predictive validity
Data analysts in Anaheim want to know more about the guest experience after a day at Disneyland. Specifically, they want to know whether their current attractions and entertainment are more enjoyable for kids or for adults. At the end of the day, they survey each guest about number of rides ridden, average time spent in line, caloric intake, and general satisfaction. To maintain generalizability, they control for frequency of visit by excluding annual pass holders.
MANCOVA