Data
Information represented by numbers, which can be the subject of statistical analysis
What is data
Procedures that help us organize and describe data collected from either a sample or a population
What are descriptive statistics
A relative frequency obtained by dividing the frequency in each category by the total number of cases
What is a proportion?
A graph showing the differences in frequencies or percentages among categories of a nominal or an ordinal variable. The categories are displayed as segments of a circle whose pieces add up to 100% of the total frequencies
What is a pie chart?
Numbers that describe what is average or typical of the distribution
What is a measure of central tendency?
Numbers or other symbols are assigned to a set of categories for the purpose of naming, labeling, or classifying the observations. Nominal categories cannot be rank-ordered
What is nominal level data/measurement?
A set of procedures used by social scientists to organize, summarize, and communicate numerical information
What is/are statistics
A table showing the percentage of observations falling into each category of the variable
What is a percentage distribution?
A graph displaying changes in a variable at different points in time. It shows time (measured in units such as years or months) on the horizontal axis and the frequencies (percentages or rates) of another variable on the vertical axis
What is a time series chart?
A measure typically used to describe central tendency in interval-ratio variables. The arithmetic average obtained by adding up all the scores and dividing by the total number of scores
What is the mean?
The variable expected to account for (the “cause” of) the dependent variable
What is an independent variable?
A research based on evidence that can be verified by using our direct experience
What is empirical Research?
A relative frequency obtained by dividing the frequency in each category by the total number of cases and multiplying by 100
What is a percentage?
A visual presentation of geographic data patterns or variations, such as the population distribution
What is a statistical map?
The frequencies at the right and left tails of the distribution are identical; each half of the distribution is the mirror image of the other
What is a symmetrical distribution?
A variable that has only two values
What is a dichotomous variable?
The process of identifying and selecting the subset of the population for study
What is sampling?
A distribution showing the frequency at or below each category (class interval or score) of the variable
What is a Cumulative Frequency Distribution?
A graph showing the differences in frequencies or percentages among categories of a nominal or an ordinal variable. The categories are displayed as rectangles of equal width with their height proportional to the frequency or percentage of the category
What is a bar graph?
A distribution with a few extremely low values
What is a negatively skewed distribution?
A property of people or objects that takes on two or more values
What is a variable?
A set of assumptions and propositions used to explain, predict, and understand social phenomena
What is a theory?
A table reporting the number of observations falling into each category of the variable
What is a frequency distribution?
A graph showing the differences in frequencies or percentages among categories of an interval-ratio variable. The categories are displayed as contiguous bars, with width proportional to the width of the category and height proportional to the frequency or percentage of that category
What is a histogram?
A score below which a specific percentage of the distribution falls
What is a percentile?