PROBABILITY
The probability of two mutually exclusive events both occurring at once.
What is zero?
This measure of central tendency is the sum of all values divided by the count.
What is the mean (or average)?
This bell-shaped distribution is also known as the Gaussian distribution.
What is the normal distribution?
This hypothesis, written H₀, typically states there is no effect or no difference.
What is the null hypothesis?
This coefficient, ranging from -1 to 1, measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship.
What is the correlation coefficient (r)?
The set of every possible outcome of an experiment is called this.
What is the sample space?
This value splits an ordered dataset into two equal halves.
What is the median?
In a standard normal distribution, roughly this percent of values fall within one standard deviation of the mean.
What is 68%?
This value represents the probability of getting your results if the null hypothesis were actually true. 0.05 is the common threshold.
What is a p-value?
In simple linear regression, this term represents the predicted value of y when x equals zero.
What is the y-intercept?
P(A) × P(B) holds only when two events have this property.
What is independent?
Between the mean and the median, this one is pulled harder by outliers.
What is the mean?
This measure describes the asymmetry of a probability distribution around its mean, with a long tail on one side.
What is skewness?
This kind of error happens when you reject a null hypothesis that is actually true.
What is a Type I error?
This value represents the proportion of variance in the outcome explained by the model.
What is R-squared?
This theorem lets you update the probability of a hypothesis as new evidence arrives.
What is Bayes' theorem?
This measure of spread is the square root of the variance.
What is the standard deviation?
This distribution models the number of successes when you repeat the same yes/no trial a fixed number of times, like counting defective parts in a batch of 50.
What is the binomial distribution?
This test compares the means of two independent groups when the population variance is unknown.
What is a t-test?
When data curves instead of following a straight line, this type of regression fits a parabola using a squared term.
What is quadratic regression?
This famous puzzle shows that switching doors after a reveal raises your odds of winning to 2/3.
What is the Monty Hall problem?
This chart displays the five-number summary: minimum, Q1, median, Q3, and maximum.
What is a box plot (or box and whisker plot)?
This theorem says the sampling distribution of the mean approaches normal as sample size grows, regardless of the population's shape.
What is the Central Limit Theorem?
This test extends the t-test to compare the means of three or more groups at once.
What is ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)?
This problem arises when two or more predictor variables in a regression model are highly correlated with each other, inflating standard errors.
What is multicollinearity?