Terms
What are the two major types of statistics? (Bonus 100 pts if you can define them)
1) Descriptive (summarize and organize data from a known group) and 2) Inferential (uses a sample to make predictions/generalizations to larger unknown population)
A major goal of sampling is to draw a __________ sample.
Representative
Research design: When a researcher uses both quantitative and qualitative methods, it is a __________ design.
Mixed methods
Dr. Bennett found that G1's were less anxious during exams when the exam was administered at the beginning of class compared to the end of class. In this study, the IV is _________and the DV is __________.
IV- Timing of test
DV- Student Anxiety
What is the least desirable form of validity?
Face Valdity
Tentative statements about laws of human behavior
Theories
After testing the 30th man, Dr. Bennett declines to admit any more men into her sample because she has the number she needs. She is collecting a _________ sample.
Quota Sampling
In a normal distribution, _______ percent of the distribution falls between one SD below and above the mean (Mean + or - 1SD).
68%
What is the scale of measurement?
“How satisfied are you with your therapy progress?”
1 = Not at all satisfied
2 = Slightly satisfied
3 = Moderately satisfied
4 = Very satisfied
5 = Extremely satisfied
Ordinal
A measure is strongly correlated with constructs related to the intended construct (ie. A measure of "college success" should correlate with grades, employment after graduation, etc.)
Convergent Validity
One of the special properties of the scientific method; it means explanations should be as simple as possible
Parsimony/Parsimonious
A researcher chooses a random place on a list to start and chooses every 10th person for her sample. What type of sample is this?
Systematic random sampling
In a distribution of scores, the mean, median, and mode are all equal (Ie. Mean=5, Median=5, Mode=5). What shape is the distribution?
Normal distribution
Which variable is manipulated in a true experiment?
independent variable
If the entire spectrum of a construct or variable is measured reliably by a questionnaire, the questionnaire has ___________ validity.
Content
In observational research, participant behavior changes due to the measure/study
Reactivity
John decides to create a sample that is 70% undergraduate and 30% graduate. He draws randomly from the pools of undergraduate and graduate students. John is creating a:
Stratified random sample
Write the null and alternate hypotheses for the following statement.
(Coding Note: Males=1, Females=2)
Females tend to have higher emotion dysregulation.
Ho: r __ 0
H1: r __ 0
Ho: r ≤ 0
H1: r > 0
When data are on a ________ scale, the best measure of central tendency is the median and the best measure of variability is the _____________.
Ordinal; semi-interquartile range
A measure consistently produces stable and precise measurements overtime
Test-retest Reliability
What is the difference between standard deviation and standard error?
SD: the average amount that values deviate from the mean of the distribution
SE: measures how well the sample represents the population
This term ________, tells us what degree of sample-to-sample variability we can expect by chance as a function of sampling error
Sampling distribution
The positive correlation between number of firefighters and fire damage is an example of __________ because they are both related to fire size/severity.
Third variable confound
A research team is studying whether adolescents’ levels of anxiety differ based on their family income level. Participants are divided into three groups:(a) families with high income, (b) families with middle income, and (c) families with low income. Adolescents complete a standardized anxiety questionnaire, and the researchers compare average anxiety scores across the three groups. The hypothesis is that adolescents from lower-income families will report higher anxiety levels.
What is the IV?
What scale of measurement is the IV?
What is the DV?
IV: Family income level (high income, middle income, low income)
Scale: Ordinal
DV: Adolescents' Anxiety
A measure is related to some criterion, such as other concurrent measures or future performance regarding the intended construct
Criterion-Related validity