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Formulas
Probabilities
Studies and Experiments and Such
Least Squared Regression Lines
Bias
100
Q1-1.5 X IQR (for below) OR Q3+1.5 X IQR (for above)
What is the IQR outlier formula?
100
p(1-p)^x-1 (probability of however many failures multiplied together and multiplied by the probability of one success)
What is the geometric probability formula? **If the probability says "at least x" you do the probability of just the failures not a success. Ex: for an at least 3, you do the probability of two failures multiplied together
100
A variable other than the independent variable that might be causing the changes seen in the dependent variable
What is a confounding variable?
100
A number between zero and one that represents the amount of LINEAR correlation between the two variables in question
What is the r value (the correlation coefficient)?
100
Bias resistant measures of central tendency
What are the median, the mode, and the IQR?
200
The formula for the probability of either A OR B occuring
What is P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B) In English: Probability of A or B equals the Probability of A plus the Probability of B minus the Probability of A and B occurring (also known as the intersection).
200
The four constraints of a binomial distribution
What are 1. Two outcomes (success or failure) 2. Fixed number of trials 3. Trials are independent of each other 4. Same probability of success for each trial
200
Taking a sample every xth person
What is a systematic sample?
200
The equation for a regression line
What is y=a+bx?
200
Outliers toward the higher numbers
What is positive skew?
300
Z= x-u/o
What is the z-score formula? (u=mean, o=standard deviation)
300
The steps to verify a probability distribution
What is all numbers between 0 and 1 and the sum of all the probabilities equal 1
300
Term X is a number that describes some characteristic of the entire population. Term Y is a number that describes some characteristic of a sample.
What is the difference between a parameter and a statistic?
300
The point the best fit line ALWAYS passes through
What is the mean of x and the mean of y?
300
A type of bias where researchers leave a key part of the population underrepresented or not represented
What is undercoverage?
400
First, work out the mean. Then, for each number, subtract the mean and square the result. Finally, work out the average of those squared differences. **Bonus: solve this problem! You have 5 dogs. Their heights are 600mm, 470mm, 170mm, 430mm, and 300mm. What is the standard deviation?
What is solving for standard deviation? **147mm
400
Probability of A and B over the probability of B
What is a conditional probability? Probability of A given B
400
Term X is observing subjects without imposing a treatment. Term Y is where an independent variable and a dependent variable identified and other variables controlled for.
What is the difference between an observational study and an experiment?
400
The equation for slope
What is r X the standard deviation of y/ the standard deviation of x
400
Which operation (addition or multiplication) doesn't affect the standard deviation
What is addition?
500
o= the square root of np (1-p)
What is the equation for standard deviation of a binomial probability?
500
A diagram used to weigh the odds of two dependent probabilities occurring together
What is a tree diagram?
500
An experiment in which neither those administering nor those receiving the treatment know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group
What is a double blind study?
500
mean of y- b1 X the mean of x
What is the equation for the y-intercept?
500
When those surveyed are given the choice to respond to a survey
What is response bias?