Muscular System
Fiber types characterized by a larger motorneuron and faster contraction speeds.
What are type II fibers?
Two factors that change to increase cardiac output.
What are stroke volume and heart rate?
This law explains the relationship between reactants and products.
What is the law of mass action?
This group of hormones are not lipid soluble, so they cannot enter target cells.
What are non-steroid hormones?
Three goals of the pre-competition meal.
What are 1) hydration, 2) carbohydrates for glycogen stores, 3) decrease hunger during competition?
Determines the force produced at the sarcomere level.
What are the number of cross bridges formed between actin and myosin?
Effects of increased vagal tone.
What are decreased resting and submaximal heart rate and blood pressure?
This enzyme is key for the phosphagen system.
What is creatine kinase (CK)?
These hormones promote tissue building/growth.
What are anabolic hormones?
Goal of carbohydrate loading.
What is to maximize glycogen stores for endurance events?
These two things are necessary for muscle contraction.
What are ATP and calcium?
Best predictor of endurance performance.
What is lactate threshold?
The predominant energy system for an 800-meter runner.
What is anaerobic glycolysis?
Can be increased with exercises using large muscle groups, rest intervals of 30-60 seconds, and moderate-high volume.
What is testosterone?
Recommended caloric deficit for weight loss.
What is 500 kcal per day?
Explain the size principle and how it can differ in advanced weightlifters.
What is muscle fibers are recruited in order of type I, IIa, then IIx? Advanced weightlifters may be able to bypass recruitment of type I fibers for faster and larger muscle contractions.
Best options for an endurance athlete to compete upon reaching altitude.
What are within the first few hours or after 2 weeks of being at altitude?
Explain what happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen.
What is pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA?
These are a few of the effects of adrenal hormones.
What is increased heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism, blood flow?
Recommended carb:protein ratio for a snack or meal after resistance training.
What is 3:1?
Explain why training athletes and the elderly can be similar.
What is both need resistance training focused on power and strength to maintain their functions?
A cross country runner is feeling restless and mentioned his heart rate being higher than usual. Name what could explain these symptoms.
What is overtraining?
The three fates of lactate.
What is 1) oxidized by the muscle, 2) transported to the liver where is it converted to glucose (Cori cycle), 3) oxidized by the heart?
Elevated levels of this hormone for prolonged periods of time can result in the body remaining in a catabolic state.
What is cortisol?
Name three signs to look for when suspecting an eating disorder.
What are 1) avoiding social situations involving food, 2) use of laxatives/diuretics, 3) frequent changes in weight or eating behaviors?
Poor hair and skin health, excess fatigue, constantly bruised/injured, wasted tooth enamel, acid reflux...