Category 1
What are the four quantum numbers and what do they determine?
Principal Quantum numbers, Secondary Quantum numbers, Magnetic Quantum numbers, Spin Quantum number.
Principal: represents the main energy levels or shells
Secondary: represents the sub shell
Magnetic: represents the orientations of the subshell
Spin: represents the electron spin
Which quantum theory rule says that each electron is added to the subshell with the lowest energy level before filling in the subshells with the higher energy.
Aufbau Principle
What shape does the atomic orbital 4p have? How many orbitals are in the sub-level p have?
Since it is in the P orbital it has an hourglass shape. The p sub-level has 3 orbitals.
What is the predicted electron configuration of copper compared to the actual electron configuration?
Predicted: [Ar] 3d^9, 4s^2
Actual: [Ar] 4d^10, 4s^1
who discovered electrons?
J.J Thomson
What is the electron configuration of calcium 2+ ion
1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6, #s^2, 3p^6
What Is the VESPR class and shape of sulphur trioxide?
Shape: Trigonal Planar
VESPR class: AX3
How many sigma and pi bonds are present in ethene?
five sigmas and one pi bond
What hybridization would you use to describe the structure and geometry of PCl5? Also include the name of the shape.
Sp3 d and it's shape is a trigonal bipyramidal
Write the four quantum numbers of aluminum (Al) in the valence shell.
1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6, 3s^2, 3p^1
n= 1
l= 1
ml= -1, 0, 1
ms = -1/2 or +1/2
Which one is more stable Fe ^3+ or Fe^2+ and explain why?
Fe^3+ is more stable than Fe^2+. This is because when you draw the orbital diagram, the Fe^3+ has unpaired orbitals while the Fe^2+ has unfilled orbitals and unpaired orbitals are much more stable than unfilled orbitals.
List three differences for each between orbits and orbitals.
Orbits
- Bohr's diagram
- 2-dimensional
- Electron are 2, 8 per orbit
Orbitals
- Quantum mechanics
- the electrons are various distances from the nucleus
- there are 2 electrons per orbital.
What hybridization does the central carbon in the compound COH2
The central carbon has a sp^2 hybridization.
An unknown element has a 3- charge with electron configuration 1s^2,2s^2, 2p^6. what is the actual name of this element
Nitrogen
What is ionization energy?
Amount of energy needed to remove an electron from ground state.
What were some of the limitations to Rutherford’s theory on the quantum model?
- the electrons in motion should give off radiation and lose energy and this loss of energy would cause the electrons to collapse into nucleus.
- matter is stable and this doesn't happen
- didn't account for all the weight
Using your understanding of this unit explain why diamond is not a good conductor while Graphite is.
Diamond is not a good conductor because each of its carbon atom has an sp^3 hybridized. This forms 4 sigma bonds. Because of this sigma bonds are very stable and are highly localized which prevents it from moving place to place.
Graphite however has each carbon with sp^2 hybridized and has three other sigma bonds. There is also pi bond present within the layer of graphite and because these pi bonds are delocalized they can conduct electricity.
What is classical theory of light? And why is it not able to explain the photoelectric effect.
According to the classical theory of light the intensity of the light when shined on a metal piece determines the amount of kinetic energy that the electrons would experience. When a German physicist by the name of Heinrich Hertz did an experiment he discovered the photoelectric effect. He learned that the frequency of light causes the kinetic energy of the electrons. So the photoelectric effect showed that the movement of the electrons was dependent on the frequency rather than the intensity of light.
What is an Amorphous solid?
Solids that are composed of molecules that are not arranged in and orderly crystalline structure.
List these compounds from the highest to the lowest boiling point OCS, CO2, CH4 and explain why?
The highest boiling point is OCS because it has stronger intermolecular forces because it is polar and there is dipole dipole forces.
CO2 however is a non polar molecule and only has London dispersion forces. It is stronger than CH4 because it is held by double bonds.
CH4 is the weak because has London dispersion force and has only single bonds.
What is the difference between Metalliac crystals and molecular crystals. Give an example of each.
Molecular crystals have low melting points and are soft. They are able to conduct electricity in solid state. When it comes to metallic crystals the strength of their bond may depend on the valence electrons. Another key difference is that metallic crystals have a positive nuclei surrounded by loosely held valence electrons. An example of a molecular crystal is HCl and an example of a metallic crystal is Cu.
what does the hybridized state look like for CH4, C2H4, C2H2 and how do they differ?
The hybridized state for CH4 is sp^3, C2H4 would be sp^2 and C2H2 would be sp
Using your understanding of the unit explain some of the reasons why and MRI Scan is better than a CAT and X-ray scan.
Unlike X-rays and CAT scans the MRI doesn't emit of any radiation and uses magnetic field to create pictures of your bones and muscles.
Explain why trigonal planar is a non polar molecule but a trigonal pyramidal is polar?
Trigonal planar is non polar because of its shape. The bonds it has is on a plane and there is no dipole dipole moment because the bonds cancel each other out.
Which one has a higher boiling point H2O or NH3. Explain your reasoning to get full points.
H2O has a higher boiling point than NH3 because of its lone pairs. Water has 2 lone pairs while in ammonia there's one lone pairs and because of this the ammonia molecules are not attracted to each other greatly.