Structures of Phonation

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Anatomy

100

True or false: All of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles are paired bilaterally.

What is: true!

200

Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle may be divided into two muscle masses: internal and external? What does the internal mass do?

Thyroarytenoids; internal thyroarytenoids make up the vocal folds/cords/vocalis muscle 

300

Adductor muscles act to do what? Name the two pairs of adductor muscles.

Increase medial compression (close the folds); lateral cricoarytenoids, transverse arytenoids 

400

What are the cricothyroid muscles responsible for?

Lengthening and tensing the vocal folds

500

Name all of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

What are thyroarytenoids, lateral cricoarytenoids, transverse arytenoids, oblique arytenoids, cricothyroids, and posterior cricoarytenoids? (Arytenoids: TTOLC) (Thyroids: C - just one to remember)

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Anatomy

100

True or false: All of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles are paired

What is: false!

See mylohyoid: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/mylohyoid-muscle

200

The extrinsic laryngeal muscles each have two attachments. Generally, where are these attachments located?

One attachment within the larynx and one attachment to a structure outside of the larynx (see names of muscles - first part origin, second part insertion)

300

Where do all of the depressor muscles (vs. elevators) lie in respect to the larynx?

Below the hyoid bone

https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/hyoid-bone

400

The extrinsic laryngeal muscles are those that are somehow attached to the ___, be it via origin or insertion and thus move the ______.

Hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage

500

Name all of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles.

Elevators and their innervations: Digastrics (V, VII); geniohyoids (XII, C1); mylohyoids (V); stylohyoids (VII); hyoglossus (XII); genioglossus (XII)

DGMSHG

Depressors and their innervations: Thyrohyoids (XII, C1); omohyoids (C1-C3); sternothyroids (C1-C3); sternohyoids (C1-C3)

Laryngeal Structures and Cartilages

100

The larynx is suspended from the U-shaped ___

Hyoid bone

200

During swallowing, the ______ drops to cover the orifice of the larynx

Epiglottis

300

The key cartilages of the larynx include the thyroid cricoid, and the paired _____ cartilages.

arytenoid

400

The small, cone-shaped ______ ________ sit on the apex of the arytenoids. They assist in reducing the laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing

corniculate cartilages

500

Some view the cricoid cartilage as the _____ _______ ___

Uppermost tracheal ring

Vocal Folds

100

The ____, or body layer of the vocal folds, provides stability and mass to the vocal fold

Vocalis muscle

200

The lamina propria is the ____ layer and consists of 3 distinct layers. These are:

Middle; superficial, intermediate, deep

300

The ______ ________ ______ states that the vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds.

Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory 

400

What builds up to set the vocal folds in motion?

Subglottal air pressure

500

Describe the mucosal wave.

Critical to vibration of the vocal folds; cover (epithelium, superficial lamina propria, Reinke's space) and the body (intermediate and deep layers of lamina propria) transition over the vocalis muscle slide and produce a wave. This wave travels the superior surface of the vocal fold about two-thirds of the way to the lateral edge of the fold. There is no vibration without a mucosal wave 

Cranial Nerves

100

The genioglossus and hyoglossus are innervated by the

XII Hypoglossal nerve

200

Stylohyoids and part of the digastrics are innervated by 

VII Facial nerve

300

All intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by 

Vagus nerve X

400

C1-C3 refers to what?

Cervical vertebrae innervations

500

All of the depressors are partially innervated by what?

C1