Career Development
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that
a) a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
b) students did not want career guidance despite its importance.
c) many students were too inflexible to benefit from career guidance.
d)high school students wanted career guidance but junior-high school- or middle school-level students did not.
a) a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the mode. The mode is
a) the most frequently occurring score and the least-important measure of central tendency
b) always 10% less than the mean
c) the arithmetic average
d) the middle score in the distribution of scores
a) the most frequently occurring score and the least-important measure of central tendency
In order to diagnose clients from a different culture
a) the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture
b) the counselor will find the DSM useless
c) the counselor should rely heavily on cultural epoch theory
d) NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis
a) the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture
Primary groups are
a) preventive and attempt to ward off problems
b) always follow a person-centered paradigm.
c) generally utilized for long-term psychotherapy
d) always focused on the client’s childhood
a) preventive and attempt to ward off problems
The ________ index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly.
a) difficulty
b) critical
c) intelligence
d) personal
a) difficulty
A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families?
a)Surprisingly enough, dual-career families have lower incomes than families in which only one partner works.
b)Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working.
c)Dual-career families have incomes which are almost identical to families with one partner working.
d)Surprisingly enough, no research has been conducted on dual-career families.
b)Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working.
To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would consult
a) the mode
b) a table for t values
c) a table for F values
d) the chi-square
c) a table for F values
_______ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior
a) instinct theorists
b) innate aggression theorists
c) social learning theorists
d) followers of Erik Erickson
c) social learning theorists
According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will
a) be less conservative than the average group member’s decision, prior to the group discussion
b) be more conservative than the average group member’s decision, prior to the group discussion
c) often be aggressive or illegal
d) violate the group’s confidentiality norms
a) be less conservative than the average group member’s decision, prior to the group discussion
The most critical factors in test selection are
a) the length of the test and the number of people who took the test in the norming process
b) horizontal versus vertical
c) validity and reliability
d) spiral versus cyclical format
c) validity and reliability
John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of
a) Joseph Wolpe
b) Albert Bandura
c) Donald Super
d) Karen Homey
b) Albert Bandura
In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a ________ design.
a) Pearson Product-Moment r
b) Spearman rank order rho
c) factorial
d) Solomon four-group
c) factorial
Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development
a) as she felt it was too psychoanalytic
b) as she felt it was too behavioristic
c) as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans
d) as she felt it was more applicable to males than females
d) as she felt it was more applicable to males than females
The term group therapy was coined in 1931 by
a) Frank Parsons, the father of guidance (also referred to as vocational guidance)
b) Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama
c) E. G. Williamson, associated with the Minnesota Viewpoint
d) Fritz Perls, the father of gestalt therapy
b) Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama
In a spiral test
a) the items get progressively easier
b) the difficulty of the items remains constant
c) the client must answer each question in a specified period of time
d) the items get progressively more difficult
d) the items get progressively more difficult
The career anchor theory was espoused by
a) Roe
b) Tiedman & Ohara
c) Schein
d) Super & Savickas
c) Schein
A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving. Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be
a) the Hawthorne effect
b) the Halo effect
c) the Rosenthal effect
d) a Type II error in the research
a) the Hawthorne effect
According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor’s statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as
a) even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error)
b) standardization
c) similar to his or her own
d) paraphrasing
a) even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error)
Group specialists define role conflict as
a) tension between two group members who have assumed different roles
b) a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves
c) tension between the group leader and a group member
d) members criticizing other members between group sessions
b) a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves
The group IQ test movement began
a) in 1905
b) with the work of Binet
c) with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I
d) with Freudian psychoanalysis and the psychodynamic movement
c) with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I
The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.
a) is very behavioristic
b) is indicative of a client-centered approach
c) is psychodynamic
d) is appropriate, but not with disabled populations
a) is very behavioristic
In a parametric test the assumption is that the scores are normally distributed. In nonparametric testing the curve is not a normal distribution. Which of these tests are nonparametric statistical measures?
a) Mann–Whitney U test, often just called the U test
b) Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs
c) Soloman and the Kruskal–Wallis H test
d) All of the above are nonparametric measures
d) All of the above are nonparametric measures
A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians on some exams) are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the
a) emic viewpoint
b) alloplastic viewpoint
c) etic viewpoint
d) autoplastic viewpoint
a) emic viewpoint
Strategies that approach the group as a whole are known as
a) vertical interventions
b) horizontal interventions
c) crossed transactions
d) parallel transactions
b) horizontal interventions
The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of
a) Raymond B. Cattell
b) Carl Jung
c) William Glasser
d) Oscar K. Buros
b) Carl Jung