Enlightenment Period
What was Montesquieu known for?
Separation of Powers, executive, legislative, and judicial to keep the powers in check and balance.
Executive branch: Enforces laws
Legislative branch: Makes laws
Judicial branch: Interpret laws
Community share
What was Adam Smith known for?
Wrote book, 1776 "The Wealth of Nations"
government should not interfere
free economy/free markets, liberty=economic progress
Law of self interest=work for yourself
Law of competition=people will work harder if competing
Supply & demand=Make sure there is enough goods & is affordable
What was John Stuart Mill known for?
People should judge ideas, institutions & actions on basis of their utility or usefulness
Led utilitarian movement, help ordinary working people with policies for equality.
No great differences in wealth
Women rights
Before everything happened? (Sepoy War)
People believed it was because India wasn't a nation yet
What was Mary Wollstonecraft known for?
Equality for women rights
What is socialism?
For the people.
Most people have property.
Belongs to the workers.
What was Thomas Malthus known for?
Most people destined to be poor & miserable.
Need wars to get rid of extras.
Population increases more than food.
What were Charles Fourier and Henri de Saint-Simon known for?
Government mans economy
Government control=end poverty & promote equality
Factors of productions owned by public & operate for welfare of all
Belief in progress
Concern for social justice
Before everything happened but not the last thing before (Sepoy War)
British came & tried taking control
disrespected customs, racist regulations
high taxes, expanded power
recruited Indian soldiers to stamp out resistance, resistance=will use force
What was Roussseau known for?
Society corrupted natural goodness in people.
Direct democracy=best way to protect freedom
Social Contract=Government protects if you give up rights
For big corporations.
All about profiting.
Fuel economic growth.
What was David Ricardo known for?
Permanent underclass=always poor, many workers &abundant resources=labor & resources cheap for workers & scarce resources=expensive
wages forced down as populations increased.
What were Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels known for?
Book="The Communist Manifesto"
Economic forces alone dominated society
human societies always divided into classes
worldwide rebellion against Bourgeoisie (middle class)
poor=labor
capitalist system dies eventually, workers sharing=economic equality
Last thing before the war (Sepoy War)
Ammunition used by soldiers=animal fat, pigs were dirty and cows were holy.
People sent to prison for not using it.
King Louis XIV & Queen Elizabeth
divine right
Voltaire
Freedom of press
What was William Wilberforce known for?
abolishment of slavery
Taiping Rebellion
Causes: Tyranny
Description: attracted many famine stricken peasants, leaders fought
Effect: Leaders quarreled, reforms weren't complete, Taiping defeated
John Locke & Thomas Hobbes
John Locke- people make good decisions if provided proper info, governments made with approval from people being governed. Governments should protect the people, Life, liberty, property.
Thomas Hobbes-all humans are naturally wicked. absolute monarchy. governments made to protect people from their own selfishness
Bismarck (Germany unification), Garibaldi (Italy unification) Camillo Benso, Mazzini
Chancellor of Prussia, "Iron and blood" speech
The sword, led volunteer army
The brain, count of cavour
The heart
What was Horace Mann known for?
free public education for all
Boxing Rebellion
Cause: Drive away all foreigners & destroy Mongol Ching dynasty
Description: Peasant uprising, practiced boxing rituals to be invulnerable to bullets, kill chinese christians