Theories
What stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory is associated with Middle Childhood?
Industry versus Inferiority.
Basically, children at this stage experience a tension between productivity and incompetence, judging themselves as winners or losers. Self-Pride and Self-Concept are very important in this judgement.
What is the most common form of punishment?
Physical or Corporal punishment. Think hitting, spanking, slapping, pinching, etc. Equally important, psychological control, threatening to withdraw love and support. Relies on a child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parent.
What is syntax?
Arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
What is Rough-and-Tumble play?
Think active social play. Mimics aggression with no intention to harm, contains expressions and gestures signifying that the child is just pretending, may positively affect the prefrontal cortex.
What is the difference between Selective and Divided attention
Selective is filtering out multiple distractions to focus on one topic/stimuli, while Divided is processing and reacting to two or more topic/stimuli at the same time.
What is Theory-Theory and Theory of Mind?
Theory-Theory is when children attempt to explain everything they see and hear, so they develop their own theories. These theories do not appear randomly, but developed from curiosity.
Theory of Mind is when children start theorizing what others may be thinking. It's slow to develop but typically begins at age 4.
What is the importance of self-esteem in Middle Childhood?
Dependent on other children and parenting styles. Inferiority versus industry plays into these factors, as how the child was raised by the parents may lead them to have low self-esteem, which then can be reinforced by the social environment at their school and vice versa.
What are pragmatics?
Practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context. Think formal versus informal Spanish
What is Peer/Child Culture?
Particular habits, styles and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children. Think clothing style, appearance, peer culture, attitudes, etc. Friendships are very important to this culture.
What is the difference between boys and girls' development of motor skills in Early Childhood?
Generally speaking motor skills develop spontaneously and diligently as they play.
For girls, fine motor skills mature 6 months earlier than boys. Practiced by improving dexterity and advances fine motor skills, which involve small body movements.
With boys, slower in development as it is assumed that the activities that are normalized for boys involve using gross motor skills.
Describe Scaffolding in reference to Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive theory.
Can be understood as adjusting guidance and support to match a child’s current level of functioning. Begin with direct instruction for a new task, can be done through demonstration. Can be repeated, but less guidance will be offered after competence and memorization in the task increases. Think about learning how to ride a bike or tie your shoes.
What are the long term effects of physical punishment?
Basically, no positive outcomes. It increases obedience temporarily, but also increases the possibility of later bullying, delinquency, and abusive behavior. Physical punishment correlates with delayed theory of mind and increased aggression. Associated with low SES.
What is logical extension?
Closely related to fast-mapping. Describes when children use a word to describe other objects in same category.
What is Sociodramatic play?
Think drama and pretending. Explore and rehearse social roles, test their ability to explain, practice regulating their emotions, develop a self concept, create play themes. Explored by boys and girls
Define Impulsiveness and Preservation.
Impulsiveness: Allowing children to focus in on their tasks instead of moving from one another. Curved and less prominent in Early Childhood because of this development. Think of the Marshmallow test.
Preservation: Defined as where children will do one action/thought and unable to quit. Also reduced in this stage. Think the patterns of a child.
What is Siegler's "overlapping waves" theory?
When new and better strategies for calculation are tried, ignored, half-used, abandoned, or finally adopted. We have multiple approaches to a practice and by participating, we further our approaches or ‘waves’. Think about how we take notes
Define and Characterize the following Parenting styles: Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive/Indulgent, & Neglectful/Uninvolved.
Authoritarian: Think helicopter parents or ‘Under this household’ parents. Low warmth, high control. Supportive and closely monitors and sets rules.
Authoritative: ‘You’ll do as I say’ parents. High warmth, high control. Sets many rules and closely monitors, but offers little support.
Permissive/indulgent: The ‘cool’ or 'I'm your friend' parent. High warmth, low control. Highly supportive but make few rules and trusts rather than monitors. Also sets very low expectations for children. Interest in child communication but overall no communication.
Neglectful/uninvolved: Think Deadbeat or Absent parents. Low warmth, low control. Sets few rules, does not monitor, and offers little active support. Full on does not care for the child.
What is overregularization?
What are the differences between the Child-centered versus Teacher-directed approaches to early education?
Child-centered: Looking at child’s ability to learn through play, exploration and artistic expression. Children are encouraged to pursue their own interest and activities. Elements that are important to culture are also brought into the learning space (Think clean-up time) Examples: Montessori schools and the teachings of Piaget and Vygotsky
Teacher directed: Much more stricter time schedule with planned events (Think: recess & lunch). More positive reinforcement for stereotypical positive behavior and time outs/red card pulling for negative behavior. Focus on providing basic skills (Think core curriculum) rather than cultural based skills. Also teachings things like respect, honesty, etc. Based on the idea that children are behind and don’t inherently possess these skills. Example: the general American education system.
Define aspects physical development for Early Childhood.
Each year from age 2 – 6, well-nourished children add almost 3 inches in height and gain about 4 ½ pounds in weight. Should be a foot taller and 16 pounds heavier by age six, averaging 3 feet tall and 40-50 pounds. Lowest average BMI across the entire lifespan, with fat from toddlerhood/infancy has become muscle. Center of gravity is now in the bellybutton instead of breastbone
What is Centration, Focus on Appearance, Static Reasoning, and Irreversibility of Piaget's Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development?
Generally speaking, they are the four limitations of this the preoperational stage. Errors caused by focusing on appearance and not being able to understand complex thoughts.
Centration: Focusing/centers on one idea, excluding all others. Can include, but not inherently, egocentrism
Focus on Appearance: Ignoring all attributes that are not apparent
Static Reasoning: Thinks nothing changes. Whatever is now has and will always be
Irreversibility: Thinking nothing can be undone; a thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.
What are the effects of Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive/Indulgent, & Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting styles on children?
Authoritarian: Result in low self-esteem, don’t trust feelings, weak behavior, don’t get along, poor social skills, hard to concentrate, mid-achievement,
Authoritative: Results in high self-esteem, trust feelings, regulates well, self-control, socially responsible, less peer pressure, get along and empathetic, Learn well, more confident and high achievements
Permissive/indulgent: Results in high self-esteem, self-confident, less responsible, impulsive irregular emotions, voice feelings, trouble keeping friends, low interest in school
Neglectful/uninvolved: Results in low self-esteem, little confidence, hates self/others, Hides feelings, irregular and avoidant feelings, withdrawn, disrespectful, distrustful, performs poorly on their own.
What developments occur in grammar during Early Childhood?
Children have a grasp on some grammar, specifically placement, pronouns, past/present/future, and plural. Learns six new words a day.
Understand structures, techniques, and rules that communicate meaning. Word order and repetition, prefixes and suffixes, tone and emphasis
Define the Sociometric Classifications of Popular, Neglected, Rejected, or Controversial.
Popular: Kind, trustworthy, cooperative
Neglected: Overlooked/ignored, but not actively shunned/rejected by peers.
Rejected: Includes withdrawn or aggressive. Actively shunned/rejected by peers. Both have poor social skills and misinterpret social skills. Also bad at emotional/internal/external regulation. Aggressive refers to antagonistic behavior. Poor self and emotional regulation. Withdrawn describes the fearful or inhibited. Timid and anxious.
Controversial: Popular, but around fifth grade these characteristics become dominant, athletic, arrogant and aggressive. Liked by some but not all
Define aspects physical development for Middle Childhood
Ages 6 to 11, healthiest of the life span but decline starts in negative emotions. Muscles become stronger, importantly the heart and lungs. Can run faster and exercise longer. Children master any motor skills that do not require adult-size bodies. Recommended 1 hour of exercise a day. Variety of health concerns at this stage, namely childhood obesity and its correlation with asthma, high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol.