Roman Gov.
1. Who could vote?
2. How old did you have to be to vote?
1. Male citizens.
2. 18 years-old or older
Who could/couldn't be a citizen?
Could: Men born to "free born" parents, women, and children.
Couldn't: Slaves and foreigners.
Who were the thinkers of the Scientific Revolution?
Nicolas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, and Galileo Galilei.
Which two factors were the most important in the rise of Rome?
1. Military organization
2. The fighting skill of the Roman army
Which group believed that people have a duty to live a moral life, follow the law, and help others?
The Jews and the Christians
1. What is the process of getting citizenship?
2. What happens if you fail the test for citizenship?
1. Candidates present themselves to the current citizens. Then, they vote if the candidate is 18 years-old. After, they vote if the candidate is a "free born."
2. If the candidate is not +18, then he'll be set back to the rank of little boy. Then, if the candidate doesn't seem like a "free born" he can appeal to the courts. However, if the court finds him not born of two citizen parents he can be sold as a slave.
1. Which Greek leader tried to glorify Athens with expensive materials?
2. Where did he get his money from?
1. Pericles
2. The Delian League
What were the thinkers of the Scientific Revolution trying to escape?
They were trying to escape their intellectual heritage.
How does having a written legal code help promote and protect democracy?
A written law code makes the law more both equitable and consistent. It also insures that the laws can not be arbitrarily changed to suit the needs of the powerful or on the whim of an individual.
What is Christianity?
One God
Justice, morality & service to others
Equality & Dignity
What position did the Romans create that had absolute power but only temporarily in times of crisis so that they would have the tools to handle the problem?
Dictator
What were the 3 main parts of the Athenian democracy and what were their functions?
Assembly of Demos— A massive group of all male citizens who met to vote directly on laws and foreign policy.
Council of 500— A smaller group chosen by lottery that handled day-to-day government business and decided what laws the Assembly would vote on.
People’s Court— Large citizen juries chosen by lot who heard legal cases and decided on guilt or innocence.
What would have caused some people to view the ideas of Galileo as contrary to those of the Church?
Galileo was making a claim that was contrary to what the Church had been claiming and many in the Church were worried that if his claim was taken seriously it could damage the reputation of the Church.
1. Who believed we should study history?
2. Why did he believe we should study history?
1. Thucydides
2. He believed that certain types of events and political situations recur over time, and that studying those events and situations would aid in understanding the present.
What is Judaism?
One God
Obedient to God
God will protect and provide a homeland
Why didn't every citizen vote in Rome?
What are some key characteristics of Athenian democracy?
1. Athenian democracy has a constitution which favors the many instead of the few. It looks to the laws, to give equal justice to all.
2. Advancement in public life is based on one’s reputation and deeds, not social class.
3. You can serve in public office no matter your class in society.
4. Political freedom extends to freedom in ordinary life.
Because the Church had made a point of saying that the bible was infallible it ran into a problem when which thinker in the Scientific Revolution proposed that the Earth revolved around the Sun? What was the problem?
The Church had a problem when Galileo proposed the heliocentric theory because it challenged the Church's view which would then put into question all the other positions that the Church had taken on other subjects.
Was Galileo a heretic? Defend your position.
No: Galileo argued that scientific evidence and observations should guide how we understand the universe. His discoveries, like the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter, challenged the geocentric model. He believed that studying nature did not go against religion because the Bible was meant to provide spiritual guidance, not explain exactly how the universe works. Therefore, scientific facts should be considered when they conflict with a literal interpretation of Scripture.
Yes: The Holy Office believed Galileo’s punishment was justified because he challenged the Church’s authority and interpretation of the Bible. They believed his claim that the Earth moves around the Sun went against Scripture and could weaken the Church’s influence. They also feared that allowing Galileo’s ideas to spread could cause confusion and disagreement among Christians. Therefore, the Inquisition believed punishing Galileo was necessary to protect the Church’s teachings and authority.
What are the names of the great Greek philosophers?
1. Socrates
2. Plato
3. Aristotle
1. What are the 3 branches of the Roman government and what were their roles in the government?
The Consuls (magistrates)- lead the military and are the highest seat in government. They bring matters requiring debate before the Senate, call the Assemblies, and enforce the laws. They can spend as much public money as they choose.
The Senate- proposes laws and controls the treasury. It also handles all crimes requiring investigation. They also send diplomats to foreign countries to make peace or to proclaim war.
The Assemblies- grant office to others through elections. The Assemblies also have the final say in passing or repealing laws, and most important of all they make the final decision on the question of peace or war.
What was Ostracism and did it make Athens more or less democratic? Explain.
More: Ostracism was a political practice where citizens voted to banish a dangerous or overly powerful person from Athens for ten years. It made Athens more democratic because it was used to protect the democratic system from turning into a dictatorship. By voting out people who were trying to seize too much control, the citizens kept power in the hands of the public (evidence).
Less: Ostracism made Athens less democratic. The Athenians abused the system by voting out rivals and in some cases by simply cheating. The fact that you could remove people who opposed your political ideas became too tempting for some politicians (evidence).
Which of the thinkers in the Scientific Revolution came up with the process where an individual: used a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas, that begins with a problem or question arising from an observation. Scientists next form a hypothesis, or unproved assumption. The hypothesis is then tested in an experiment or on the basis of data. In the final step, scientists analyze and interpret their data to reach a new conclusion. That conclusion confirms or disproves the hypothesis. And what do we call it?
Examples would include Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. We call it the scientific method.
How democratic were the democracies of Greece and Rome? Be sure to justify your answer.
Pos.: Ancient Greece and Rome can be considered early forms of democracy because citizens had the right to vote. Athens limited voting to male citizens, while excluding women, foreigners, and enslaved people. However, the argument points out that modern democracies also restrict voting for certain groups. The Roman Republic expanded voting rights to more adult male citizens, including some freed slaves. Therefore, the passage argues that Rome can be considered a form of democracy that built upon the system used in Greece.
Neg.: Greece and Rome were not democracies by today's standards. In Greece only about 12% of the population could vote, those being a select number of male citizens. In Rome, while technically the whole of the Roman population was eligible to vote, in reality many were unable to vote as the empire expanded its borders since all voting had to be done in Rome. Moreover the Romans system only allowed those in the senate to submit laws to the assembly or to submit candidates for the senate or the consuls. Thus the power of the common voter was extremely limited.
What is the difference between a Democracy and a Republic?
1. Democracy is people ruling themselves with no leader, and all decisions are made by the community.
2. A Republic is a government in which citizens rule through representatives, whom they elect.