Chapter 6: Discovering args-Stock Issues appraoch
What's a stock issue?
issues that are central to a topic under dispute.
Explain opinions versus informed opinions?
- Opinion is more arbitrary and based on incomplete analysis
- Informed opinion is utilizing to help formulate an adaptable opinion about a given situation
What're the four types of evidence? [i'll take 3]
Examples
Statistics
Testimonies
Narration*
How many basic types of language style can speeches be categorized in & what are they?
3
Grand
Middle
Plain
Five ways to carefully listen?
- Listen to relational cues
- For central arguments
- Listen for the types of issues in dispute
- Listen for support
- Offering feedback (nonverbal & verbal)
How many types of disputes are there?
THREE.
What's an assertion?
Something declared or stated to be beneficial with no support or proof
What're examples? What're different forms of examples? [do not answer circularly]
specific instances that are used by the speaker to support a claim.
Actual examples, historical examples, hypothetical examples
What is ambiguity?
Language construction is necessary to avoid ambiguity—ambiguity is lacking specificity and concrete analysis.
Three ways to prepare a response
- Prepare in advance
- Adopt appropriate styles
- Model fairness/courtesy
What're questions of facts?
attempting to evaluate (or asking the audience to do so) the existence of something that has been empirically verified
2 ways Aristotle characterized the art of rhetoric
- Artistic: originating with the speaker
- Inartistic: Proof not originating with the speaker—witnesses, contracts, etc.
What are statistics? & what is the relation to samples?
a numerical representation.
*Sample size should be representative sample
Three C's of persuasive arguments
Competence, confidence, & conviction
Three things important to make a response
- Common ground
- Identify argument deficiencies with tact
- Stay organized
What're questions of value?
Evaluation of the relative worth or importance of something [Subjective].
Outside support is key for four reasons, what're they?
- Checks speaker biases
- Builds audience trust
- Presentation more interesting
- establishes support to make people questions existing beliefs.
What is a testimony? Explain Lay testimony versus expert
use the words of another to express or support their claim.
lay is individuals who don’t specialize in the subject & expert is a professional.
What is convergence? How can it be helpful?
speaking more like our conversational/argument partners in rate/tone/word choice/etc.
helpful to avoid talking circular around folks & allows for similarities to flourish
Three steps to being organized during refuting?
Locate the statement, state your claim, & explain/support the claim.
What're questions of policy?
Arguing over what to do, who does it, the necessity of the action, and the benefits of the course of action.
What're four questions you should asked to ensure sources are properly utilized?
What is narration? How do we use narratives?
your personal relationship with the topic.
Stories, anecdotes, experiences, etc.
What is divergence? How can it be helpful?
Assuming a style distinct from the other.
Helpful when making distinctions and ensuring mimicry isn’t an issue.
We attack _________ NOT __________.
Points; people