Industrial Revoution
What is Nativism
Preference from native-born American and oppositions to immigration often led to discrimination and demands from restrictions.
What is “cost of living”?
total amount of money needed to pay for basic needs like food, rent, utilities, and transportation; if income is less than this, people struggle to pay bills.
What is imperialism?
stronger nations taking control of weaker territories for economic, political, or military reasons.
What caused WWI?
Militarism (build‐up of armies and weapons).
○ Alliances between countries.
○ Imperialism (competition for colonies).
○ Nationalism (strong pride and rivalries).
What were the impacts of women’s suffrage?
Women gained the right to vote nationwide.
○ Women became more politically active and gained new attitudes about their roles in society and at home.
What caused industrialism?
Technological innovations, new energy resource, and new production methods.
What is segregation?
legal or social separation of people by race in public places and services.
What caused imperialism?
- Desire for new markets and raw materials (economic competition).
-Political and military competition (naval bases, global power).
-Belief in cultural/racial superiority (for example, Anglo-Saxonism).
What was the method of warfare and why did it develop?
Trench warfare developed because new weapons and artillery made it deadly to fight in the open.
○ Led to stalemates, terrible conditions, and high casualties
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
cultural movement in the 1920s where African American writers, artists, and musicians expressed pride and creativity in art, literature, and music.
How did immigration help the US during this time period?
It helped by providing a steady supply of cheap labor for factories and Increasing urban populations and markets for goods.
What was Populism and what were their goals?
Movement of farmers and “ordinary people” who wanted government to help with their economic problems.
Goals:
regulation of railroads and big business, more money in circulation, and more political power for common people.
What was the Open Door Policy?
US policy to keep trade in China open to all nations equally so no single country would control Chinese markets.
Why did the US change from neutrality to entering the war?
Unrestricted submarine warfare and sinking of US ships.
○ Zimmermann Telegram.
○ Desire to “make the world safe for democracy” and protect economic interests.
What was the Red Scare?
widespread fear of communism, socialism, and radicals in the US after WWI
What is urbanization and how was it connected to industrialization?
rapid growth of cities; connected to industrialization because factories were built in cities and people moved there for jobs, causing crowding, tenements, and population
What problems occurred because the US industrialized and urbanized so quickly?
○ Overcrowded tenements and working‐class poverty.
○ Pollution from factories and smokestacks.
○ Unsafe working conditions and child labor.
What was the Big Stick Diplomacy?
use peaceful talk (“speak softly”) but back it up with a strong military (“big stick”) to influence other countries, especially in Latin America.
What was Hooverizing?
voluntarily conserving food (like “meatless” or “wheatless” days) to support soldiers and Allies, encouraged by Herbert Hoover’s Food Administration.
What happened because of the fear of radicals?
○ Palmer Raids and arrests.
○ Sacco and Vanzetti trial.
○ Growth of the Ku Klux Klan.
○ Restrictions on civil liberties.
What are Social Darwinism and laissez-faire? What did they do to business?
Social Darwinism = belief that “survival of the fittest” applies to people and businesses; used by big business leaders to justify monopolies and not helping the poor.
Laissez-faire = idea that government should not interfere much in the economy; allowed trusts and monopolies to form and dominate industries.
What was the decision and impact of Plessy v. Ferguson?
Decision: Supreme Court said “separate but equal” public facilities were allowed under the Constitution.
○ Impact: legalized segregation nationwide and encouraged more Jim Crow laws.
Why did the US go to war with Spain?
due to growing American sympathy for Cuban independence, sensationalist "yellow journalism" fueling anti-Spanish sentiment
What was the decision and impact of Schenck v. US?
Decision: certain limits on free speech are allowed during wartime when speech presents a “clear and present danger.”
Impact: showed that constitutional rights (like free speech) are not absolute in all situations, especially in war.
Who opposed Scopes in the “monkey trial” and why?
○ Scopes was a teacher on trial for teaching evolution.
○ He was opposed by fundamentalists who wanted to defend traditional religious beliefs and ban teaching evolution.