Anatomical Terms & Planes
What anatomical term refers to structures that are closer to the surface of the body?
Superifical
What nonmembranous organelle is the structural protein for shape and strength?
The cytoskeleton
What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?
Hair, nails, glands, as well as blood vessels muscles, and nerves
What are the major types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
What are the 2 main divisions of the skeleton? Give examples for each.
Axial: skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, breastbone, and backbone
Appendicular: upper and lower limbs, bones that make the girdles, connecting limbs to the axial skeleton
What anatomical term refers to something being closer to the point of origin?
Proximal
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
It produces phospholipids and is involved with detoxification.
What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale or germinativum
What are the classifications of epithelia?
Shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional
Layers: Simple and stratified
What are the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Osteoblasts: bone forming cells that synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and matrix material
Osteoclasts: Bone reabsorbing cells that break down collagen fibers and minerals of the matrix
The nose is ______ to the mouth.
Superior
What are the types of vesicles and their function?
Secretory: modify and package products for exocytosis
Membrane renewal vesicles: add or remove membrane components
Lysosomes: carry enzymes to cytosol
What are Merkel cells?
Cells that respond to touch and function as mechanoreceptors = change shape to due to touch and this is translated to electrical signal
What are all the types of connective tissue proper?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, mast cells, leukocytes, microphages, plasma cells, and melanocytes.
What are all the types of bones in the body?
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, sutural, and pneumatized
The sternum is ______ to the heart.
anterior
What are the four phases of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, transition reaction, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, and electron transport chain (ETC)
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary and reticular layer
What loose connective tissue is found within the dermis, between muscles, and around blood vessels, nerves and joints?
Areolar tissue
What are the stages of bone repair?
Reactive phase: early inflammatory phase (hematoma)
Reparative phase: formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first
Bony callus formation
Bone remodeling phase: bony callus is finally remodeled.
The thumb is ____ to the wrist.
distal
What are all the nonmembranous and membranous organelles?
Membranous: Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria
Nonmembranous: Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and proteasomes
What's the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?
Eccrine: regulate body temperature through evaporation extensive distribution
Apocrine: limited distribution and they produce sticky, cloudy secretions and have ducts that open into hair follicles
What are all the membranes and describe each.
Mucous: line passageways that open to the exterior of the body
Serous: line thoracic and abdominal cavities and the organs within them
Synovial: line cavities of freely movable joints
Cutaneous: covers the outside of the body
What's the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?
Intramembranous ossifications are built on starting material (model) made of a membrane of embryonic connective tissues. Endochondral ossifications are built on a model of hyaline cartilage.