Quality of Life and other
Individuals who stutter say about one-third fewer words in a given time.
How does stuttering impact verbal output?
What is the adaption effect?
Stuttering decreases after five readings of the same passage.
Median onset occurs at 30–33 months of age.
At what age does stuttering typically onset?
Negative teacher attitudes reinforce stigma and lower self-esteem
How do teachers' attitudes contribute to stigma?
Studies show genetic linkage and familial incidence of stuttering.
What genetic evidence supports stuttering as a heritable condition?
70% of individuals who stutter report it has hindered promotion.
How does stuttering affect occupational advancement?
Stuttering occurs on the same words during repeated readings.
What is the consistency effect?
Stuttering severity tends to worsen without treatment after preschool years.
How does stuttering severity progress after preschool years?
What strategies can reduce stigma surrounding stuttering?
Educating the public about stuttering to dispel myths and reduce stigma.
Unusual right-sided activity in speech areas and reduced white matter connectivity.
How does the brain structure of individuals who stutter differ from non-stuttering individuals?
Saying "um" before a difficult word.
Provide an example of an escape behavior.
Adults stutter more on content words, while children stutter on function words.
How does stuttering manifest differently in content vs. function words?
Severe stuttering correlates with lower educational attainment.
What is the relationship between stuttering severity and educational achievement?
Name two common feelings experienced by individuals who stutter
Embarrassment and frustration.
It connects speech motor areas, which show reduced integrity in stuttering.
What is the role of the arcuate fasciculus in stuttering?
They develop as learned responses to stuttering or anticipation.
What causes secondary behaviors to develop?
Therapy enhances communication confidence, improving employability
How does speech therapy improve occupational outcomes?
Women stutter less often than men, and their recovery rates are higher.
Why are women less likely to stutter than men?
Avoiding social situations to reduce speaking.
How does social anxiety manifest in individuals who stutter?
Approximately 3:1 to 5:1.
What is the male-to-female ratio for persistent stuttering?
Fixed postures with audible airflow involve sound production; without audible airflow means silence.
How do fixed postures with and without audible airflow differ?
Brain anomalies must combine with environmental or emotional factors.
Why are brain anomalies alone insufficient to explain stuttering?
Around 65–88% of preschool children recover naturally over time.
What percentage of preschool children recover naturally from stuttering?
Stuttering occurs on words surrounding removed words when reading a passage.
What is the adjacency effect?
About 10%.
What percentage of people report stuttering at some point in their lives?