Neurological & Genetic Factors
Stuttering has been linked to atypical dominance of this hemisphere.
What is the right hemisphere?
The Demands & Capacities Model suggests stuttering occurs when these two factors are imbalanced.
What are external demands and internal capacities?
This behavioral principle suggests that avoiding words or sounds reinforces stuttering behaviors.
What is negative reinforcement?
This early disproven theory blamed stuttering on psychological conflicts from childhood trauma.
What is the psychoanalytic theory?
This theory suggests that stuttering happens when the brain struggles to coordinate speech movements in real time.
What is the speech-motor control theory?
This genetic research method examines identical and fraternal twins to determine the heritability of stuttering.
What is a twin study?
This theory suggests multiple factors contribute to stuttering and no single cause is necessary or sufficient.
What is the multifactorial model?
The Two-Factor Theory states that classical conditioning explains this part of stuttering.
What is the emotional reaction to stuttering moments?
According to Johnson's Diagnosogenic Theory, stuttering starts because of this parental behavior.
What is labeling normal disfluencies as stuttering?
Studies show that even when people who stutter appear fluent, their speech motor system may still show these.
What are inefficiencies?
Studies show that this brain pathway, which connects speech and language areas, is less organized in people who stutter.
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
One benefit of multifactorial models is that they help parents understand that they do not cause this disorder.
What is stuttering?
In the Two-Factor Theory, instrumental learning shapes these secondary stuttering behaviors.
What are escape and avoidance behaviors?
The Cerebral Dominance Theory proposed that stuttering occurs because the two hemispheres do this.
What is compete for speech dominance?
This timing-based theory suggests stuttering occurs when speech rhythm coordination is disrupted.
What is the disorder of timing theory?
Some people who stutter exhibit excess neural activity in the right hemisphere instead of this dominant hemisphere for fluent speakers.
What is the left hemisphere?
Unlike older models that blame parenting, multifactorial models recognize that stuttering emerges from this complex system.
What is a dynamic interaction of factors?
This cognitive bias explains why some people who stutter may believe others judge them more than they actually do.
What is the listener judgment effect?
This outdated explanation suggested that people who stutter had an inherent personality disorder.
What is the "stuttering personality" theory?
Some research suggests that people who stutter may have delayed activation in this brain system responsible for planning and executing speech.
What is the motor control system?
While genetics play a role in stuttering, the fact that identical twins don't always stutter suggests this additional influence.
What is the environment?
One major criticism of multifactorial models is that they are difficult to do this.
What is test scientifically?
One flaw in early learning theories of stuttering is that they did not consider these biological influences.
What are genetics and neurology?
This past belief held that children who stutter were less intelligent—an assumption disproven by research.
What is the intellectual deficit theory?
In speech-motor control models, fluency breaks occur when this internal process cannot keep up with speech demands
What is feedforward processing?