sub zero!

hypothermia

100

__________ occurs when the body gets cold and loses heat faster than it can make it. 

Hypothermia

200

Hypothermia can occur when you are exposed to?

Cold Air, Water, Wind or Rain. 

300

hypothermia can occur indoors.

true or false?

true!

400

what are some of the early symptoms of hypothermia?

shivering

cold, pale or blue grey skin

lack of concern or interest (apathy)

poor judgement

mild unsteadiness

slurred speech

numb hands or fingers and problems performing tasks

500

what are the late symptoms of hypothermia?

trunk of the body being cold to the touch

muscles becoming stiff

slow pulse

breathing that is shallow and slower

weakness or sleepiness

confusion

loss of consciousness

shivering which may stop if the body temperature drops below 90*F

Frost Bite

100

_______is an injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissue. 

Frost Bite

200

the early stage of frostbite is called______

Frostnip!

300

true or false: you can get frostbite even when wearing gloves or other clothing?

True!

400

name 3 symptoms of frostbite 

numbness

tingling 

patches of skin in shades of red, white, blue, grey, purple or brown

cold, hard, waxy looking skin

clumsiness due to joint stiffness

pain

blistering after rewarming

500

what are some of the risk factors for frostbite?

being in freezing conditions without protective clothing.

having certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, exhaustion, poor blood flow, or congestive heart failure

regularly smoking tobacco

having impaired judgment while in very cold conditions

having had frost bite or another cold injury in the past

being an infant/older adult in cold conditions. people in these age groups have a harder time producing and retaining body heat.

being in cold conditions at a high altitude. 

Cold related conditions / how to treat cold related conditions

100

this cold related condition became well known during WW1 when many soldiers developed it due to the conditions they were fighting in. 

Trench foot!

200

what are the symptoms of trench foot?

Trench foot looks and feels different as the disease develops.

The first symptoms of trench foot include tingling and itching which can progress to numbness. Your feet may feel prickly or heavy, like blocks of wood. Because of this, you may have difficulty walking. Your feet may be bright red. But they’ll soon turn pale, clammy and white as your blood vessels narrow.

Once you’re out of the cold, the skin of your feet will start to change color. If your skin is lighter, it may look blue or purple due to poor blood flow. If you’re darker skinned, the discoloration won’t be as noticeable. Your skin may be cold and blotchy. In addition, you may develop swelling. In severe cases, your feet can almost double in size.

As your feet rewarm, they may become bright red again. You may experience extreme pain or an abnormal sensation as blood flow returns to your feet. You may also develop blisters and holes or open sores on your feet, which can lead to fungal and bacterial infections. Your skin may become overly sensitive to changes in temperature and the lightest touch.

300

you may lose your foot to trench foot

true or false?

true but only in extreme circumstances. 

Yes. Trench foot is treatable if caught early. Treatment for trench foot includes gentle rewarming of your foot. Rapid rewarming can cause severe pain and swelling. To get rid of trench foot, your healthcare provider will also clean your foot and keep it dry and warm. Additional treatment includes resting and elevating your foot above your heart. This can help prevent new wounds and blisters.

Your healthcare provider may prescribe an antibiotic to prevent any infections. You may receive a tetanus booster shot. For pain, you can take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen. But your healthcare provider may prescribe a medication called amitriptyline.

After treatment for trench foot, you’ll need to take certain steps to make sure your foot continues to heal. These steps include:

• Making sure to wear a clean, dry pair of socks every day.
• Avoiding wearing socks while sleeping to keep your feet dry.
• Checking your feet daily to make sure your symptoms aren’t worsening or you’re not developing any possible infections.
• Avoiding smoking and using other products containing nicotine. Nicotine can impair blood flow to your foot.
• Eating a diet high in protein.

400

should you put HOT items on a person to warm them up fast?

No!

if Hypothermia:

1. CALL 9-1-1 or the local emergency number.
2. Gently move the person to a warm place.
3. Monitor breathing and circulation.
4. Give rescue breathing and CPR if needed.
5. Remove any wet clothing and dry the person.
6. Warm the person slowly by wrapping in blankets or by putting dry clothing on the person.
   1. Hot water bottles and chemical hot packs may be used when first wrapped in a towel or blanket before applying. Do not warm the person too quickly, such as by immersing him or her in warm water.
   2. Warm the core first (trunk, abdomen), not the extremities (hands, feet).

if Frost Bite, 

1. Move the person to a warm place.
2. Handle the area gently; never rub the affected area.
3. Warm gently by soaking the affected area in warm. water (100–105 degrees F) until it appears red and feels warm.
4. Loosely bandage the area with dry, sterile dressings.
5. If the person’s fingers or toes are frostbitten, place dry, sterile gauze between them to keep them separated.
6. Avoid breaking any blisters.
7. Do not allow the affected area to refreeze.
8. Seek professional medical care as soon as possible.

500

how do you avoid cold related conditions?

• Be aware of the wind chill. Dress appropriately and avoid staying in the cold too long. Wear a hat and gloves when appropriate with layers of clothing. Avoid unnecessary exposure of any part of the body to the cold.
• Drink plenty of warm fluids or warm water but avoid caffeine and alcohol. Stay active to maintain body heat.
• Take frequent breaks from the cold.
• Get out of the cold immediately if the signals of hypothermia or frostbite appear

Cold weather attire

100

how many layers should you wear if you are going out into cold weather?

3!

a Base Layer - like thermal underwear thatll keep your skin as dry as possible. 

a middle layer - a fleece or puffy jacket to help keep warmth to you as much as possible. 

and 

an outer layer - gear that protects you from rain and wind!

200

for your base level what are the three things you need to think about when picking out clothes?

Fabric, Fit and thickness

300

for the insulating middle layer what two things do you need to think about?

Insulation material - if you like fleece, then make sure your jacket is a heavyweight fleece. when talking serious cold, puffy jackets with down are fantastic. down however is not great if it gets wet. jackets with a synthetic fill are a better option when dealing with damp conditions or if you're going to be breaking into a serious sweat!

insulation thickness - just because something is thick doesn't necessarily mean that its going to be warmer. there are many variables that you'll have to think of like: wind, rain, activity level etc. 

400

for your outer wear what things do you need to take into consideration?

precipitation protection - weather is unpredictable. your base level can't keep your skin dry if it gets soaked. you'll want to wear a shell that is waterproof! not water resistant. 

breathable protection - perspiration wicked by your base layer needs a way to escape. wear a breathable shell so that moisture can't build up and soak you from the inside. 

windchill protection - good news! any shell that is waterproof is also windproof!

additional tip: DON'T WAIT TO ADJUST LAYERS

your layers should be able to glide on and off easily. clothes that are tight can restrict blood flow.)

500

what type of fabrics should you wear on your hands, head and feet?

hats: wool and synthetic beanies work well and you can rely on your shell jackets hood for rain coverage. full on winter hats will have insulation inside a shell material. make sure that any headwear also covers your ears!

Gloves: fleece gloves provide basic warmth. insulated gloves with waterproof/breathable shells are even better. 

Boots: Boots with thick, non-cotton socks can provide warmth when conditions are merely cold but not wet or snowy. Waterproof boots are the next step up. Winter boots, in addition to offering traction on snow or ice, will include insulation. 

(avoid cotton anything! cotton soaks up water and takes forever to dry out. that's a recipe for hypothermia)

cold regions of the world

100

what two location are tied for fifth coldest location on earth?

klinck station, Greenland and Oymyakon, siberia, russia who are mere degrees away from each other at (-93.28 *F) and (-89.86*F) respectively.

200

what American state is the 4th coldest place on earth?

Denali, Alaska (-99.4 *F)

300

what is the third coldest location?

Amundsen-Scott Station, Antarctica (-117.04)

400

what is the second coldest place on earth?

Vostok Station Antarctica (-128.56)

500

what location is the coldest in the world?

Eastern Antarctic plateau, Antarctica.

(-137.2*F)