Alcohol/Cigarettes
Two effects of ethyl alcohol on neurons.
What is?
Affects the dopaninergic neurons
Fatal Toxicity
Central Nervous System Depressant
Those drugs that alter cognition, behavior, and emotions by changing the functioning of the brain
What Is...
Freeze: The initial stage of responding to potential danger involves freeze. Like a deer caught in the headlights, freeze involves the orienting reflex, an inborn impulse to turn your sensory organs towards a source of stimulation. Here the goal is to “stop, look, and listen” to better understand the situation and to determine if there is a threat. Your pupils will dilate as you turn your head towards the sound or sights that sparked your interest or concern. Most importantly, freeze occurs in preparation for action and is short lived.
Flight and Fight: The second and third stages of responding are maintained by the sympathetic nervous system in which you are mobilized into flight or fight responses. This process involves initial attempts to flee danger; however, if it is impossible to escape you will resort to fight. The sympathetic nervous system increases blood flow to the heart and muscles of the arms and legs accompanied by faster and deeper breathing. Simultaneously, skin will grow cold and digestion is inhibited.
Fright: As we look further into the progression of trauma responses, we see that the fourth stage sets in when flight or fight do not restore safety. When there is no escape a “fright” takes over with feelings of panic dizziness, nausea, lightheadedness, tingling, and numbing. According to Schauer & Elbert (2010), this stage is considered to have “dual autonomic activation” seen in abrupt and disjointed alternations between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system actions. It is in this stage that we see the initial symptoms of dissociation.
Flag: “flag,” which is the collapse, helplessness, and despair that signals parasympathetic based nervous system shut-down and immobilization.
Faint: The “faint” response appears to serve several purposes from an evolutionary and survival perspective. According to Schauer & Elbert, experiencing or even witnessing horrific events such as forced physical or sexual violence can trigger vasovagal syncope (vagus nerve dysregulation) which promotes nausea, loss of bowel control, vomiting, and fainting.
The magnitude of a drug’s effect
What is ...how intensely the user feels the drug’s effects
Reasons why it is illegal to drink and drive
What is...
Impaired reflexes
Impaired processing
Impaired judgment
Impaired motor function
oral,inhalation, sublingual, buccal; rectal, injectables
What are...... routes of administration?
Area of the Brain involved in Coordinating and smoothing out motor movements.
a common side effect of sniffing/snorting a drug.
What is ..Damage to the nasal membrane lining
People think that alcohol is a stimulant because
What is because...
Initial Euphoria
Disinhibition
Reduction of fear and anxiety
Increase loquacity
“social lubricant”
Behavioral enhancements that preserve family dysfunction.
Researchers noted that couples were often more relaxed and communicative when the alcoholic partner was drinking as opposed to when abstaining. Thus, the behavioral patterns associated with substance abuse can sometimes offer positive reinforcements (i.e., adaptive consequences) that sustain and perpetuate the problematic behavior regardless of other causative factors. Bowen (1974) has noted that problematic nuclear family symptoms are often expressed in three areas: 1) marital conflict, 2) spousal dysfunction (e.g., substance abuse), and 3) projection onto one or more children (i.e., the "family projection process"). The children who receive projections become "symptom bearers" and are referred to as "identified patients," who serve to express the entire family's pain.
Individual differentiation is often low in substance-abusing families, where personal needs are sacrificed to protect the family system. Both projection and low differentiation patterns lead to intergenerational transmission of problems such as addictions, etc.
Involved in the regulation of certain body hormones, regulation of movement, and a major player in “reward center.”
What is ...Dopamine
This is sometimes described as what the body does to a drug, refers to the movement of drug into, through, and out of the body—the time course of its absorption, bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Determines the onset, duration, and intensity of a drug’s effect.
The number of drinks a person has to have before it begins to affect the cells.
One
It provides a fast and high-peak effect.
What Is....Use of injection as a route of drug administration.
People prefer injections for two main reasons. Injection not only provides a fast means of getting the drug into the user’s system, but it also allows for a higher peak intensity.
Regulates your body’s basic functions; enables you to interpret and respond to everything you experience; and shapes your thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
What a drug does to the body, involves receptor binding, postreceptor effects, and chemical interactions.
What is....Pharmacodynamics.
Organ most affected by drinking alcohol.
What is...
The Liver
Their role is that of the jester. They will often make inappropriate jokes about the those involved. Though they do bring humor to the family roles, it is often harmful humor, and they sometimes hinder addiction recovery.
A chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences.
What is Adicition
It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain—they change its structure and how it works. These brain changes can be long-lasting, and can lead to the harmful behaviors seen in people who abuse drugs.
Initiation to marijuana tends to occur in the second stage.
What is the three stage mode of Drug use sequencing.
Researchers have identified a prototypical sequence in the trajectory of substance initiation and use. In Stage One, legal substances (alcohol and tobacco) are initiated; in Stage Two marijuana is initiated; and in Stage Three cocaine and then heroin are initiated. Although tobacco use may lead directly to marijuana use, alcohol tends to be an intermediate step. Likewise, cocaine tends to precede heroin use. Other pathways are possible, such as marijuana leading to hallucinogenic substance abuse, or alcohol directly to prescription drug use, etc. The concept of gateway drugs is an oversimplification, as clear causation is not evident. Certainly, delaying drug use onset is highly significant for fewer problems, as drug use may be avoided altogether, and the younger one starts, the more difficult the problems experienced later tend to become.