Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes insipidus (DI) can be divided into these two subcategories
Neurohypophyseal (central) and Nephrogenic
True/ False: Gestational diabetes is usually asymptomatic
True
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is type 1 diabetes?
Type IV
Which diabetes mellitus is Diabetic ketoacidosis most present in?
Type 1
ADH is produced in the _____ and released from the _____.
Hypothalamus; Pituitary gland
Diabetes insipidus is caused by decreased production of or decreased sensitivity to this hormone.
ADH (vasopressin)
True/False: Insulin resistance usually progressively decreases throughout gestation
False
Which of the following is not a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Exposure to environmental pollutants
Hypertension
Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative
Age older than 45 years
1
In which diabetes would you find amyloid deposits on histology?
Type 2
Amyloid replacement of islets, present in more than 90% of diabetic islets. It is unclear whether the amyloid is a cause or effect of beta cell “burnout.”
The patient will typically have _______ levels of ADH in nephrogenic DI.
Normal
All forms of diabetes insipidus present with these two symptoms
Polydipsia and Polyuria
Gestational diabetes is usually diagnosed with this type of test.
Oral glucose tolerance test (at 24-28 weeks gestation)
Throwback!!!!!!
What type of arteriosclerosis is this?
https://docs.google.com/document/d/15thN66UEKkrdFBxUll8y4sKspG9m0NlFI-pMVOIGM3U/edit?usp=sharing
Hyaline!!!
Happens in Diabetes due to advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) from Non enzymatic glycation on proteins. Leads to diabetic nephropathy
What is the classic triad (symptoms) of diabetes?
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
Congenital nephogenic DI can be caused by mutations in the _______ or ________ genes.
AVPR2; AQP2
Central DI is typically caused by ___, whereas nephrogenic DI is typically caused by ____.
1. Brain trauma (pituitary tumors, surgeries, ischemic encephalopathy, autoimmune)
2. ADH receptor mutation (hereditary), hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, lithium, demeclocycline (ADH antagonist)
Risk factors for gestational diabetes include ___.
Obesity, family history (gestational or type 2), prior glucose intolerance, twins, hypertension, long-term corticosteroid use
Explain one way in which insulin resistance leads to high blood glucose
Failure to inhibit endogenous glucose production (gluconeogenesis) in the liver, which contributes to high fasting blood glucose levels
Abnormally low glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle following a meal, which contributes to a high postprandial blood glucose level
Name and describe atleast 3 complications of diabetes?
Neuropathy
Retinopathy
DKA
Cataracts
Amputation
Death!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
When administering DDAVP (an ADH/vasopressin analog) to a patient, the urine osmolality will show_______.
No change (minimal at best)