A
Give one example of a high organisation skill
Golf Swing, Flip
Who founded the modern Olympic Games
Baron Pierre de Coubertin
Who created the cognitive theory of learning?
Gestalt
What does the BOA stand for?
British Olympic Association
Define what a serial skill is
A group of discrete skills strung together to make a new and complex movement
What are the 6 types of feedback?
Positive
Negative
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
KoR
KoP
What is the difference between fixed and varied practice?
Fixed:
Practice which is done in a stable and predictable environment
Specific movement patterns is practiced repeatedly in the same environment
Varied:
Practice which is done in a more unpredictable and changing environment
Describe a characteristic of each stage of learning applied to the sport of football
Cognitive:
Jerky, uncoordinated movements, lack of fluency
Lots of thought required
Low success rate, inconsistent performance
Needs extrinsic feedback
Associative:
Movements become more coordinated
More consistent
Improving kinaesthetic awareness
Autonomous:
Smooth, coordinated, effortless
High level of kinaesthesis allowing intrinsic feedback and self-correction
Skill is habitual and automatic
Consistent (successful) performance
Attention can be given to the environmental stimuli rather than the skill
More tactical
Define commodity
An article that can be traded. In this case sport is the article that can be sold to different media outlets or to companies that wish to associate their brand with a particular sport
Explain the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment
Reinforcement aims to strengthen the correct S-R bond and punishment aims to weaken the incorrect S-R bond.
NF involves removing an unpleasant stimulus. Punishment is when a negative stimulus is given to prevent a response from re-occurring
What is a negative political impact of hosting a global sporting event?
Cost of the event may be politically unpopular
Failure may reduce national self esteem
The host city is at higher risk of terrorism
Political Protests may detract from the event and be embarrassing for the ruling political party
Give 2 advantages of using progressive part practice.
Good method for complex serial skills where links between the subroutines need to be considered carefully
Helps flow of skill
Helps transfer of parts into whole-skill – keeps links
Gives stages of success = motivation
Reduces danger
Name all 3 of Thorndikes Laws
Law of Effect
Law of Exercise
Law of Readiness
Name 3 sports that have altered their rules and characteristics to attract media coverage
Rugby Union - Rugby 7s
Cricket - T20 cricket
Hockey - Blue pitches, no off side, self pass, 15 min quarters in top competitions
Tennis - Tie break
Squash - Glass backed courts
What types of practice are best used with an autonomous learner?
Varied – develops performers perceptual and decision-making skills
Massed – elite performers have the required fitness and aptitude to practice without rests
What type of skills should be taught through whole practice?
High Organisation, discrete and simple skills
Give 3 impacts of unethical sponsors on sport and society (3 Marks)
On Sport:
Resources – clubs can afford better facilities/ equipment/ staff
Standards – of play are raised
Revenue - more money for clubs and players
Spectator facilties – better facilities for spectators
Poor image – potentially negative image for the sport
Loss of supporters – supporters who don't agree with gambling may be alienated
On Society:
Health risk – alcohol/ smoking/ gambling can become addictive/ compulsive
Promotes gambling – encourages people to gamble
Poor role modelling – gambling endorsed by top clubs/ players
Illegal behaviour – may encourage illegal gambling/ drinking
What happens during Phase 2-3 of Talent Identification?
Phase 2 & 3 – the talent has been identified. Secondary/ further assessment of suitability:
More skill and physical tests
Preparation for training to ensure they do not get injured or overwhelmed
Physical and medical screening
Psychological assessment
What are the Olympic Values? (Hint DRFICEE)
Determination
Respect
Friendship
Inspiration
Courage
Excellence
Equality
What are 2 negative impacts of the media on athletes?
Intrusion - Media intrusion into athletes' life
Pressure to succeed - Constant media scrutiny of performance
Name the host city and year of all the Olympic Games that were politically exploited
Berlin 1936
Mexico City 1968
Munich 1972
Moscow 1980
Los Angeles 1984
Give 3 reasons why students from private schools have a higher chance of becoming elite athletes
More curriculum time for sport and training – Sport Afternoons, Saturday Fixtures, S&C etc.
Can hire/ pay more specialist coaches
More money to invest into specialist facilities, equipment, technology
Scholarships to talented sports people
Wider range of sports available
Higher standard of fixtures as they play other private schools, but not true for all sports
Evaluate verbal Guidance (4 marks)
Positives:
Good for autonomous performers/ experts
Can point out specific parts of the skill to draw attention to it/ can hold the attention of the performer
Can refine skills during performance
Can be direct / clear / quick
Can motivate the performer / gives confidence
Negatives:
If verbal guidance is inaccurate it can lead to errors
Can lead to information overload (with too many instructions/ pointers)
Beginners may not understand
Some movements are hard to explain, or some descriptions can be hard to understand – can be confusing
Verbal guidance can be boring
What is the capacities and durations of the sensory store, STM and LTM according to the Multi-store memory model?
Sensory
Capacity: very large/ unlimited
Duration: stores info for up to 1 second
STM:
Capacity: holds 5-9 items
Duration: stores info for up to 30secs
LTM:
Capacity: unlimited
Duration: indefinite
Explain each stage of WHOLE PPPIIG for cognitive learning theory.
WHOLE:
Presenting and learning skills in their entirety
PERCEPTION:
How each individual perceives the problem, recognises that we often learn considering our environment and what this means to us an individuals
PROBLEM SOLVING:
Encourages thinking and problem solving to gain understanding and ability rather than trial and error in a more fixed environment
PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES:
We can problem solve based on our previous experiences and memory of something similar i.e. another sport
INSIGHT LEARNING:
The process of thinking and understanding in order to gain insight
INTERVENING VARIABLES:
These are mental processes involved in decision making. These mental processes occur between the stimulus being received and the response
GESTALT:
Gestaltist view of learning