Proficiency Stages
This initial stage is when learners focus on listening and comprehension before producing language.
Silent Period
This acronym refers to the social language needed for everyday, conversational interactions.
BICS
This hypothesis posits that learners acquire language when they receive input just above their current level
Krashen’s Input Hypothesis / i+1
Under IDEA, this legally binding document outlines each student’s special education services and supports.
What is individualized education program?
In this stage, learners produce one‑ to two‑word responses and often repeat memorized phrases.
What is Early Production.
This term describes the formal, school‑based language proficiency required for academic success.
CALP
This sheltered instruction model integrates language objectives with content teaching.
SIOP Model
This disability category includes students with significant challenges in reading, writing, or math despite typical intelligence.
What is specific learning disability?
Marked by the ability to form simple sentences and ask questions despite grammatical errors.
What is speech emergence.
These are discipline‑specific, content‑area words critical for understanding textbooks and lectures.
Tier 3 Vocabulary
This cooperative approach uses previewing, “click and clunk,” “get the gist,” and wrap‑up strategies for text comprehension
Collaborative strategic reading
These instructional or testing changes give equitable access without altering the curriculum’s learning targets.
What are accommodations?
Learners use longer, more complex sentences and show growing control of academic language.
What is Intermediate Fluency.
This concept describes how sentences and larger text structures are organized in academic writing.
Discourse Competence
This method involves guided reading with modeling, question generating, clarifying, and summarizing.
What is reciprocal teaching?
A Universal Design for Learning principle that calls for presenting information in multiple formats to reach all learners.
What are multiple means of representation?
At this advanced stage, learners can engage in grade‑level content with minimal supports.
What is Advanced fluency
This refers to language features that link ideas across sentences, such as connectors and transitional phrases.
Cohesion
This approach embeds language learning within academic subjects by teaching content and language together.
What is content based instruction?
This IDEA category covers students with significant cognitive and adaptive functioning challenges.
What is intellectual disability?