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What was the case of Maybury v. Madison?
President John Adams issued William Marbury a commission as justice of the peace. Marbury then sued because the new Secretary of State, James Madison, refused to deliver it.
Why was Schenck v. United States significant?
The Court ruled that the First Amendment (freedom of speech and freedom of the press) could be limited only if the words created "a clear and present danger."
Why was Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Community School District significant?
Addressed the rights of public school students' freedom of speech, which ended in the ruling that teachers are not being allowed to prohibit students strictly off of suspicion of disruptive speech and both teachers and students have the same constitutional rights to speech inside and outside of school grounds.
What was Engel V Vitale about?
In the 1962 case, the Court ruled that under the Establishment clause, public schools shouldn't have the right to make their students recite an official prayer, violating their freedom of religion.
What was United States v. Lopez about?
United States v. Lopez was a Supreme Court case that dealt with the constitutionality of the Gun-Free School Zones Act. The Court ruled that Congress had exceeded its authority under the Commerce Clause by regulating gun possession in local school zones.
Why was Marbury v. Madison significant?
This case established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare an act of the legislative or executive branch unconstitutional. This added to the system of checks and balances to maintain a balance of power between the three branches.
What was the Brown v. Board of Education case?
Five separate cases that were heard by the U.S. Supreme Court concerning the separate but equal concept in public schools, with the main issue being the constitutionality of state-sponsored segregation in public schools.
What was Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Community School District?
Arguing about students First Amendment rights, A protest by public high school students, who wore black armbands to school to protest the Vietnam War.
Why was GIDEON V. WAINWRIGHT significant?
This gave the defendant, no matter your financial position, the proper defense they needed for federal courts. Speaking about the fourteenth amendment, this gave defendants the right to an attorney, even if they don’t have the money, the state has to appoint one for them.
What was the significance of United States v. Lopez?
The significance of United States v. Lopez is that it limited Congress's power under the Commerce Clause, marking a shift in favor of state authority and establishing that not all issues could be regulated by the federal government, particularly those that are more local in nature.
What was McChulloch v. Maryland?
Maryland set a precedent by requiring taxes on all banks not chartered by the state. James W. McCulloch, a Federal cashier at the Baltimore branch of the U.S. bank, refused to pay the taxes imposed by the state. Maryland filed a suit against McCulloch in an effort to collect the taxes.
Why was the Brown v. Board of education case significant?
Ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional. It signaled the end of legalized racial segregation in the schools and overruled the "separate but equal" principle established in the Plessy v. Ferguson case
Why was New York Times Co, V The United States about?
The case of New York Times Co, V The United States or the “Pentagon Papers” argued about the Government's interference in the press and ended with more freedoms for the press and limited the power of the government.
What was GIDEON V. WAINWRIGHT about?
Gideon won this case in his favor, giving the right for every defendant to have a legal council, altering the United states criminal justice system.
What was McDonald v. Chicago about?
McDonald v. Chicago was a Supreme Court case that challenged Chicago's handgun ban. The Court ruled that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms applies to state and local governments through the Fourteenth Amendment, making it unconstitutional for cities or states to infringe on this right.
Why was McChulloch v. Maryland significant?
The Federal Government had the power to set up a Federal bank and that states did not have the power to tax the Federal Government, establishing supremacy of the U.S. Constitution and federal laws over state laws.
What was the Baker v. Carr case?
Baker and other Tennessee citizens alleged that a apportion law applying to the seats for the state's General Assembly was virtually ignored and denied voters of urban areas equal protection under the law as guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.
Why was New York Times Co, V The United States significant?
Through this case, the newspapers of the Washington post and New York Times had the freedom to publish their articles (the Pentagon Papers) without resistance or intervention from the government.
What was Shaw v. Reno about?
Shaw v. Reno (1993) was a Supreme Court case about racial gerrymandering, where the Court ruled that redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause.
What was the significance of McDonald v. Chicago?
The significance of McDonald v. Chicago is that it incorporated the Second Amendment to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, ensuring that the right to keep and bear arms applies not only at the federal level but also to state and local governments.
What was the Schenck v. United States case?
During World War I, Schenck and Elizabeth Baer distributed leaflets declaring that the draft violated the Thirteenth Amendment. Schenck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act of 1917 and was convicted of violating this law and appealed on the grounds that the statute violated the First Amendment.
Why was Baker v. Carr significant?
it established the right of federal courts to review redistricting issues, which had previously been termed "political questions" outside the courts' jurisdiction.
Why was Engel V Vitale significant?
The case of Engel v Vitale established a precedent that significantly limited government-directed prayer in public school systems. It addressed the separation between church and state and how religion should not be implemented into the public schools.
What was the significance of Shaw v. Reno?
The significance of Shaw v. Reno is that it established that racial gerrymandering in redistricting must be closely examined under the Equal Protection Clause, ensuring that race cannot be the predominant factor in drawing electoral districts.
What was Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission about?
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was a 2010 Supreme Court case that ruled the government cannot limit political spending by corporations and unions, as doing so would violate the First Amendment.