Student Speech Reach
This landmark case established that students do not “shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate.”
What is Tinker v. Des Moines?
This religious group has been fundamental in defining and strengthening free-speech protections in the courts.
Who are Jehovah's Witnesses?
The Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L. involved off-campus speech on this forum.
What is Snapchat?
This 1965 law aimed to eliminate racial discrimination in voting.
What is the Voting Rights Act?
This 2013 case struck down part of the Voting Rights Act’s coverage formula.
What is Shelby County v. Holder?
This Supreme Court case involved a student disciplined for a Snapchat post made off-campus.
What is Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.?
This case initially upheld mandatory flag salutes in schools.
What is Minersville v. Gobitis?
The Supreme Court takes cases involving companies when they raise this type of issue.
What is a constitutional or federal legal question?
This practice involves manipulating district boundaries to favor a political party.
What is gerrymandering?
The majority argued that conditions in voting discrimination had this characteristic.
What is improved/changed?
In Mahanoy, the Court emphasized that schools have less authority over this type of student speech.
What is off-campus speech?
This later case overturned Gobitis and protected students’ right not to salute the flag.
What is West Virginia v. Barnette?
This federal agency enforces employment discrimination laws.
What is the EEOC?
The dissent in Shelby warned that the ruling would make it harder to protect this group.
What are minority voters?
The dissent by this justice argued that removing protections was like “throwing away an umbrella in a rainstorm.”
Who is RBG?
This Court declined to do this in Mahanoy, leaving uncertainty for future cases.
What is a clear, universal rule for off-campus speech?
Barnette established that the government cannot force students to express this.
What is patriotic belief (or speech)?
In EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch, the Court ruled in favor of an employee denied work for this reason.
What is wearing a religious headscarf (hijab)?
One method used to suppress votes before the Voting Rights Act was this type of test.
What is a literacy test?
After Shelby, states previously covered by preclearance could do this without federal approval.
What is change voting laws?
One key argument by the school was that the student’s speech caused this type of disruption.
What is substantial disruption?
Gobitis emphasized this principle over individual rights.
What is national unity?
The legal principle established in EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch.
What is: an applicant does not need to formally request an accommodation to be protected under the Civil Rights Act.
A key provision of the Voting Rights Act required certain states to obtain federal approval before changing voting laws.
What is preclearance?
The majority opinion in this case emphasized limiting federal intervention in this area.
What is Louisiana v. Callais?
This Supreme Court Justice used questioning to go on personal rants about being a "competitor" and "blowing off steam."
Who is Brett Kavanaugh?
Barnette and Gobitis highlight the tension between majority rule and this.
What is minority rights?
This RBG-led case challenged gender-based discrimination in tax law.
What is Charles E. Moritz v. Commissioner?
This section of the Voting Rights Act determined which states were subject to federal oversight.
What is Section 4(b)?
The new criteria established in Louisiana v. Callais made it more difficult to prove this legal standard.
What is discriminatory impact (or intent)?