Aminos
What are the conditonally essential amino acids
Arginine, cysteine, glutamine, proline, tyrosine
What are the synthetic amino acid sources for amino acids
High avaliablitity - produced by fermentation or chemical synthesis
- lysine, methionine, tryptophan and threonine are avaliable
How do you estimate amino acid bioavailability
What are the limitations with them
Slope assay ratio
Amino acid digestibility
Limitations - the assay provides an estimate of the availability of only one AA per assay, availabilities are affected by many dietary factors
What are sources of endogenous amino acids
Pancreatic and gastric enzymes/secretions
Mucin
Bacterial protein
Amino acids from sloughed epithelial cells
How is a tannin an antinutrient?
What can you do for poultry and swine to help?
Binds and precipitate proteins, complexes with starch, cellulose and minerals
Negative effects on feed intake, digestibility, and efficiency, toxic to microorganisms, extremely variable response
Additional protein or AA may alleviate some of the negative effects in poultry/swine
What are limiting amino acids? the two big ones?
These are the essential amino acids that interrupt protein synthesis due to its limited amount and the great demand for them
The two most common are fed in corn- soy- based commercial diets in north America are lysine and methionine
What does reducing crude protein in a diet do when replaced with AA
Reducing crude protein can result in less ammonia and order
8% reduction in total nitrogen losses with every 1% reduction in dietary crude protein
Why does amino acid digestibility not mean the difference between the amount of AA in the diet and the amount present in the feces
62-76% of total fecal nitrogen is made of microorganisms N
How do you determine endogenous amino acids
Feeding - protein free diets, low-protein casein diets, enzymically hydrolyzed casein method, regression method
What is the positive effects of tannins in ruminants
In sheep and cattle, higher retention of nitrogen has been observed when low to moderate levels of tannins in forages
Reduction in rumen protein degradation
Decreased enteric methane production per unit of dry matter ingested
potential improvement in weight gain
What are sources of amino acids in swine diets
Plant sources
Animal sources
Synthetic amino acids
What is the empirical approach to figuring amino acid requirements of swine
Estimates of amino acid requirements based on empirical experiments in which the requirement for an individual amino acid was determine in a specific situation
This approach does not permit extrapolation to other conditions
What samples do you use instead of fecal samples to calculate AA digestibility
Ileal digesta
What is standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids
SID is calculated by correcting AID for basal endogenous amino acid losses
What are the major types of trypsin inhibitors? What do they do?
Kunitz trypsin inhibitor - soybeans
Bowman-birk trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitors - legumes
Bind trypsin forming active complexes - reduce AA digestibility, negative feeback mechanism increase secretion of these enzymes into the GIT, enlarged pancreas, energy expenditure, release of trypsin mediated by CCK
What are the plant sources for amino acids
Cereal grains: corn wheat, barley, Low in amino acids
vegetable protein byproducts: soybean meal and canola meal (High lysine but lower in Sulphur), sunflower meal, camelina meal
Soybean meal and canola meal both combine well with the amino acid patterns of cereal grains
Plant sources could contain antinutritional factors
What is the factorial approach to figuring amino acid requirements of swine
The amino acid needs for various functions (maintenance, growth, pregnancy, lactation) are estimated
Thus animal growing rapidly or with high milk yields have higher AA requirements than animals growing more slowly or with lower milk yields
What are the 3 different forms to look at of ileal amino acid digestibility
apparent ileal digestibility
Standardized ileal digestibility
True ileal amino acid digestibility
What are examples of antinutritional factors
Fibre
Phytate/phytic acid
Tannins
protease inhibitors
glucosinolates
Others - lectins, saponins
What are glucosinolates? What are the major aspects of it? how is it bad?
Sulfur containing secondary plant metabolites found in vegetative repro tissues of plants, especially those of the brassica family
Bitter
Interfere with synthesis of thyroid hormones
Found in close proximity to myrosinase
in intact plants the myrosinase enzyme and the substrate occur in different parts of the plant, when tissues are disrupted (chewing) the enzyme and substrate interact to produce several toxic compounds
What are the animal sources for amino acids
Higher lysine content than plant sources
- milk products (good amino acid pattern), fish meal (good amino acid pattern), blood meal (high in lysine, deficient in isoleucine), meat and bone meal (low in tryptophan and isoleucine)
animal sources could contaminate the feed
Insect meal is new
What is the concept of bioavailability of amino acids
Amount of AA in a feedstuff that is released during protein digestion, absorbed from the SI and used in
- maintenance, growth, or lactation
What is the limitations of apparent ileal digestibility
AID is confounded by amino acids in ileal digesta that do not originate from the diet (endogenous amino acids)
When endogenous AA in the ileal digesta are not accounted for, the resulting digestibility values are known as AID values
What are tannins
Polyphenolic compounds
Very common in plants, most legumes (faba beans), berries, grapes, cocoa, tea, coffee, wine
Diverse group of compounds
Located in the vacuoles or surface wax of plants - buds, leaves, roots, seeds and stems
How do you reduce the antinutritional factors
heat treatment - denatures proteins and thus reduces activity of protease inhibitors and lectins = done by processing temp, moisture, time
Mechanical - removal of hull, air classification
Plant breeding
Enzymes