Biosecurity
What is flow management
Prevent cross contamination of uninfected pigs by organizing the flow of pigs, people and materials
Why is water important for biosecuirty
Water systems can be a source of pathogens
Surface water systems pose a high risk and are not recommended without the use of a treatment system
Evaluate and manage all drinking water in the RAZ
use a treatment system, test water regularly, have appropriate drainage to prevent contamination
What is the impact of thermal stress, both high and low?
High temp - > upper critical temp = protein inactivation, disruption of metabolic balance, membrane structures, transport systems, key tissues
low temp - <LCT = chill injury - enzymes less effective, cell damage, membranes more viscous & freeze injury - mechanical damage to tissues and membranes, cellular dehydration
building cost - competitive disadvantage, esp. concrete costs
Modern genetics/productivity - bigger animals, larger litters, more manure, etc = but same building designs and standards from decades ago
Emerging challenges - biosecurity/diseases, consume demands, welfare
Integration of modern (electronic) tech into production systems = wireless communication, new monitoring sensors, data logging and processing
What is greenhouse gases? its sources? and its health effects? its limits?
Gases that react with ozone layer and prevent release of heat to outer space, Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide
Sources - animals - enteric fermentation, Manure - bacterial decomposition
Health/environmental effects - CO@ - asphyxiant at high levels
What are ways to implement flow management on farm
All in all out
Dedicated trucks to specific flows within a production system between zones on a farm, handle dead stock appropriately to ensure pathogens aren't spread, respect forward uni-directional flow by moving from youngest to oldest pigs, minimize contact between pigs and waste and manure vehicles
Why is transportation important for biosecurity
Route and sequencing must be approved
Driver training imperative
Cleaning and sanitation protocols for all vehicles
Transportation has been identified as a main potential for the transfer of PED
What is effective temperature
Temp felt by pigs in its microenvironment
- size and weight of pig, health status, humidity, group size, air movement, type of flooring and penning material, bedding material, dryness of floor
What are the primary goals for bar ventilation
Provide optimum environment for maximum productivity
Provide safe and comfortable occupational environment
What is odour emission? its sources? and its health effects?
Composes of >400 odourous compounds - organic acids, amines, carbonyls, phenols, skatols, sulfides, mercaptans
Sources - protein sources - anaerobic degradation, bacterial reduction of sulfur containing amino acids
health - irritation of eyes, nose throat, affects mood and memory of exposed workers
What are records on a farm
Documentation - vaccination, daily herd health, identify all animals for traceability
What are the abiotic and biotic factors that help organisms in an environment
Abiotic - temp, humidity, water, salinity, oxygen, light, air, pH, chemicals
Biotic - other organisms (pathogens, toxins), competition (same species or other species), predators
What is the main goal with swine housing
to provide optimum growth environment
What are the four functions of the barn ventilation
Supply fresh air
Distribute/mix air uniformly
Regulate temperature
Expel moisture and contaminants
What are the types of ventilation systems
Natural
Mechanical
hybrid
What are ways to implement records on farm
Record all introductions, placements and removals of animals, so that if an infectious disease is suspected, the animals can be quickly traced and isolated
Ensure trucks have an inspection program and check their records
verify for effective wash/disinfect/dry and record it
Keep a daily mortality log, maintain employee and visitor logbooks, including date and place of last pig and other animal contact
Keep records of building, fence and equipment maintenance
What are the three ways that animals respond to environmental changes
Avoid - get away (smaller, soft bodied animals = in space (seek burrows, migration), in time (inactive, resistant life stage)
Conform - keep pace with change (marine animals) = physiological and biochemical adjustments
regulate - maintain at same levels (large terrestrial animals) = major and expensive biochemical and physiological changes (90% of energy), thermoregulation - metabolic changes, respiration rate
What are the things you should consider when building a barn
Site/location - space, feed, water, utilities, labour, neighbours, manure, spreading, biosecurity, ccess roads, nearby facilities
Permits -nutrient management plan, environmental impact assessment
Production stage - F-F, Farrow-wean, Grow-finish
Building design - maximize operational efficiencies, code of practice requirements
Costs - engineering and construction cost, capital, operating costs
What is ammonia? its sources? and its health effects? its limits?
Colourless, pungent odor, highly water soluble, volatile, lighter than air
Sources - Animals enteric fermentation, feces and urine (bacterial and enzymatic decomposition), barn structures
Health effects - Chronic (irritation of eyes, nose, throat, resp tract), acute - respiratory distress, pneumonia, loss of appetite)
Limits - 0.04ppm threshold, short term limit 35ppm, 8 hour limit 25ppm
What are the components of the ventilation system
Fans - move air, create negative pressure, remove contaminants
Inlets - allow entry of fresh air, regulate air velocity, control air flow direction
heaters - Supply supplemental heat
Controller - electronic device to operate the fans, inlets, heaters
Why are aerosols important for biosecurity
Aerosol transmission of some organisms has been documented
Secure distance between farms
attempt to locate new facilities in low pig density areas
Monitor air flow, distance to neighbors
What is the thermoneutral zone
Range of effective environmental temperature in which
- minimal metabolic heat production, minimal energy expenditure, productive processes are most efficient, thermally comfortable
What are the advantages and disadvantages of enclosed facilities
Ad - reduced disease problems, fewer parasites, increased productivity, stable environment, less labour per kg of pork produced
Dis - Buildings and equipment are expensive, energy costs, waste disposal, building depreciation
What is hydrogen sulfide? its sources? and its health effects? its limits?
Colourless, flammable, rotten egg smell, heavier than air
Sources - manure
Health effects - chronic (loss of sense of smell, lung dysfunction, nausea), acute (drowsiness, loss of consciousness, death)
limits - odour threshold >0.005ppm, short term 55ppm, 8 hour limit 1ppm
What are the common problems with barn ventilation
Improper designs/components
incorrect settings
Inefficient performance
Failure of components