Infancy
At full term infants are born with a fully functioning sensory system.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
Vision is least well developed upon birth
• Hearing is the earliest link to the environment
• Touch plays a very important role for soothing and exploring
• Can taste & smell
• Can feel pain
Which of the following best describes the difference between fine motor and gross motor development in toddlerhood?
A. Fine motor skills involve large muscle movements like running and jumping, while gross motor skills involve small movements like grasping a spoon
B. Fine motor skills involve small muscle movements such as using fingers and hands, while gross motor skills involve large muscle movements such as walking and climbing
C. Fine motor skills develop only in adolescence, while gross motor skills develop in infancy
D. Fine motor skills refer to emotional regulation, while gross motor skills refer to language development
B. Fine motor skills involve small muscle movements such as using fingers and hands, while gross motor skills involve large muscle movements such as walking and climbing
Nerve cells in the brain are almost completely _________ by the end of middle childhood, which is why we see increases in information processing speed and the child’s reaction time.
Mylenated
The majority of adolescents today report sleep deficiency
TRUE or FALSE
True
True or False: Like women, most men experience rapid hormonal changes and infertility in middle adulthood.
False
Temperament in infants is best described as:
A. Learned behaviors shaped only by environment
B. Stable individual differences in emotional and behavioral responses
C. Cognitive problem-solving ability
D. Language comprehension
B. Stable individual differences in emotional and behavioral responses
According to Information Processing Theory what type of memory is most associated with development during toddlerhood (2-4 years)?
A. Long-term Memory
B. Working Memory
C. Sensory Memory
B. Working memory
Cognitive development in middle childhood (approximately ages 7–12) is characterized by which of the following?
A. Rapid brain growth in size through neurogenesis and synaptogenesis.
B. The development of concrete operational thought processes that can be applied to objects or ideas that can be seen or felt.
C. The emergence of formal operational thinking, characterized by abstract logic and deductive reasoning.
D. The mastery of object permanence and the development of schemas through sensorimotor exploration.
B is correct: This stage involves concrete operational capacities (Piaget), including mental operations applied to objects or ideas that are seen or felt. Hypothetical and abstract thinking remain a challenge at this age.
During adolescence Erikson's theory involves the resolution of _____ VS _____
A. Identity vs Role confusion
B. Trust vs Mistrust
C. Intimacy vs Isolation
D. Ego Integrity vs Despair
A. Identity vs Role confusion
Middle adulthood is a period of life at the:
a. Intersection of acceptance and denial
b. Intersection of growth and decline
c. Intersection of wisdom and joy
d. Intersection of physical growth and spiritual awakening
B. Intersection of growth and decline
Brain plasticity, or the ability of the brain to change/adapt/grow is:
A. Fixed throughout the lifespan
B. Less prominent during infancy
C. Most prominent during the first years of life
C. Most prominent during the first years of life
By age three the brain is about 90% its adult size.
TRUE or False
During early chilldhood Erikson's theory involves the resolution of _____ VS _____
A. Industry vs Inferiority
B. Ego Identity vs Dispair
C. Initiative vs Guilt
C. Initiative vs Guilt
According to Piaget, adolescents are typically in Formal Operations stage. Which of the following best describes a key characteristic this stage?
A. Thinking is limited to concrete, observable objects and experiences in the immediate environment
B. Individuals begin to use abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking, and systematic problem-solving
C. Cognitive development is primarily driven by sensorimotor exploration and reflexes
D. Thought is centered on egocentric perspectives and difficulty understanding others’ viewpoints
B. Individuals begin to use abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking, and systematic problem-solving
Generativity in middle adulthood is...
a. Tied to satisfaction with one’s intimate/sexual relationships.
b. Demonstrated primarily by people who have socio-economic privileges.
c. About contributing to the growth and wellness of others and things that will outlast oneself.
d. About ensuring one’s financial wellbeing so that one can sustain oneself in older adulthood.
C. About contributing to the growth and wellness of others and things that will outlast oneself.
Goodness of fit between caregiver and infant can be described as...
The match between an infant’s individual characteristics (such as temperament, biological rhythms, sensitivity, and reactivity) and the caregiving environment, especially the caregiver’s sensitivity, and responsiveness.
Which of the following best defines Theory of Mind as it develops during toddlerhood?
A. The ability to remember past events and describe them in detail
B. The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight
C. The ability to recognize that others have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that may differ from one’s own
D. The ability to solve complex mathematical problems using symbolic reasoning
C. The ability to recognize that others have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that may differ from one’s own
In middle childhood children are typically in what stage according to Piaget?
A. Formal Operational
B. Concrete Operational
C. Preoperational
D. Sensorimotor
B. Concrete Operational
Adolescent thinking may be characterized by _____, _____ and ______.
A. Flexibility, empathy and perspective taking
B. Rigidity, overgeneralizing, and egocentrism
B. Rigidity, overgeneralizing, and egocentrism
According to the article by Lachman et al. (2014), relative to earlier life stages, in middle adulthood we see growth/increase in:
a. Working memory
b. Emotional regulation
c. Physical health
d. All of the above
B. Emotional regulation
During infancy Erikson's theory involves the resolution of _____ VS _____
A. Identity vs Role confusion
B. Trust vs Mistrust
C. Intimacy vs Isolation
D. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
B. Trust vs Mistrust
Which of the following best describes developmental changes in the late sensorimotor stage during early toddlerhood?
A. Toddlers rely primarily on reflexes and cannot remember past experiences
B. Toddlers begin to solve problems intentionally, remove obstacles to reach goals, and can form mental images and imitate absent behaviors
C. Toddlers develop abstract reasoning and scientific thinking about hypothetical problems
D. Toddlers lose the ability to learn through imitation and focus only on language development
B. Toddlers begin to solve problems intentionally, remove obstacles to reach goals, and can form mental images and imitate absent behaviors
Moral Development during middle childhood (~8-13 years)is characterized by...
A. Moral reasoning based on reward and punishment
B. Moral reasoning based on external ethics
C. Moral reasoning based on personal ethics
B. Moral reasoning based on external ethics
Three prominent areas of neurological change in adolescence are __________, ___________, and __________.
Limbic system
Reward system
Prefrontal cortex
In middle adulthood, we see:
a. Reductions in brain volume overall
b. Increased rate of cognitive processing
c. Functional and structural changes in the brain are tied mostly to the environment, rather than genetic influences
d. All of the above
A. Reductions in brain volume overall