Give any 5 letters that apply to Ikhfā.
The letters of Ikhfā’ (الإخفاء) are 15 in total:
ت ث ج د ذ ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ف ق ك
How many Arabic letters are considered heavy (mufakhkham) in all cases? List them.
What are 7 letters? (خ، ص، ض، غ، ط، ق، ظ)
How do you identify Madd Munfasil? How long is it? Is it optional or obligatory?
Occurs when Madd letters (ا، و، ي) are at the end of one word, and the Hamzah (ء) appears at the beginning of the next word. 5 Harakaat long. Optional.
What rule is being applied here? Indicate the letters that justify the rule being applied.
'لَهُمْ مَّغْفِرَةٌ
Idghām Mīm Sākin
There is a Mīm Sākin followed by a Mīm.
How many letters belong to the rule of Ith-hār? What are they? What is the nickname given to these letters? Why does it have the nickname?
What are six letters? ("ء، ه، ع، ح، غ، خ")
The Throat Letters because all these letters originate from the throat.
Is Laam generally heavy or light? In which condition does Laam become a special letter.
Laam is typically pronounced lightly. However, in the word Allah (Lafẓ al-Jalālah), it becomes a special letter where it can be light or heavy, depending on the circumstances.
قَالُوا إِنَّا
What type of madd is shown here and give a quick justification
Madd Munfasil - because harf a madd, which is Waw, is followed by a Hamza, but in the next word separately.
In waqf, you have 3 dots that appear in a triangular form. What is the rule when you come across this? Give an example and demonstrate.
The reciter must stop at one of the two marked places but not both. The reciter should not skip through them.
ذَٰلِكَ ٱلْكِتَـٰبُ لَا رَيْبَ ۛ فِيهِ ۛ هُدًۭى لِّلْمُتَّقِينَ
What is the difference between Idghām with Ghunnah and Idghām without Ghunnah in terms of pronunciation? Give the letters and an example of each.
Idghām with Ghunnah (ي، ن، م، و) merges the sound with nasalization, while Idghām without Ghunnah (ل، ر) merges without nasalization.
Ex: مِنْ رَبِّهِمْ
Ex: عَذَابٌ وَاصِبٌ
What is the specific Tajweed rule applied when the letter 'Ra' appears after a Kasrah but before a heavy letter? Give an example.
What is Tafkhīm or heavy?
Ex: مِرْصَاد
Ex: قِرْطَاسٍ
How do you identify Madd Muttasil? How long is it? Is it optional or obligatory? Give an example.
Occurs when Madd letters (ا، و، ي) are directly followed by a Hamzah (ء) in the same word. 5 Harakaat long. Obligatory.
Ex: جَاءَ
How does a Saktah differ from a normal stop (Waqf)? Give an example and demonstrate.
In Saktah, there is a slight break in sound without taking a breath, while in Waqf, the reciter stops completely and may take a breath before continuing.
Ex: مَنْ ۜ رَاقٍ
What are the English meanings of Ikhfā’, Iḍhār, Iqlāb, and Idghām, and how do their names relate to their application in Tajweed?
This is at the end of a verse. Is the Ra heavy or light? Why? Explain in detail. This is a 400 level question.
إِنَّآ أَنزَلْنَـٰهُ فِى لَيْلَةِ ٱلْقَدْرِ ١
The Ra is heavy. The kesrah under the Ra is not considered because we are stopping at the letter. Therefore, Ra has a sakin on it. To determine if it's heavy or light, the preceding letters have to be considered. It's heavy because Qaf has a fatha.
How do you identify Madd Lazim Kalimi Muthaqqal? How long is it? Is it optional or obligatory? What does Muthaqqal mean and why is it called that? Give an example.
Occurs when a Madd letter (ا، و، ي) is followed by a sukoon in Shaddah form in the same word. 6 Harakaat. Obligatory. Muthaqqal means heavy. It's called Muthaqqal because it has a Shaddah.
الصَّاخَّةُ
What are the letters of Qalqalah and when do they exhibit its effect? Discuss the ways these letters can exhibit sukoon.
Qalqalah happens when one of these letters has a Sukoon, whether naturally or due to stopping forcefully.
ق، ط، ب، ج، د
Why is it called Nun Sakin AND Tanwin? How is a نْ and ً ٌ ٍ related?
Nun Sakin and Tanwin both exhibit the "N" sound at the end of their pronounciation, such as "an", "in", "un". That's why they're categorized together for the same rules, because they have the same sound. For their connection with the letter after it, they follow the same considerations.
What are the three exceptions to the rules of Ra, and what are their examples? Explain the determining factor behind each exception. In other words, explain why the letter is an exception.
Irḥamū (اِرْحَمُوا) – The Ra (ر) is pronounced heavy (Tafkhīm) even though it is preceded by a Kasrah.
Rabbirḥamhumā (رَبِّ ارْحَمْهُمَا) – The Ra (ر) in ارحم is pronounced heavy (Tafkhīm) despite following a Kasrah.
Mirṣād (مِرْصَاد) – The Ra (ر) is pronounced heavy (Tafkhīm) even though it follows a Kasrah.
Ḥurūf Muqaṭṭaʿāt, how do you say طسم, do you say each letter separately or connect them? If you're connecting, what rules are implemented during the connection?
Ta is separate. Seen and Meem are connected through idgham, because Seen has a nun sakin at the end and is followed by Meem. Ta is 1 harakah long. Seen and Meem are 6 harakaat long.
What happens to a Qalqalah letter when it has a Shaddah on it? Compare it to a qalqalah letter without a Shaddah. Give an example of each to demonstrate the difference.
The Qalqalah effect of bouncing/echoing is stronger with the shaddah.
Ex: وَتَبَّ vs كَسَبَ