Written Language
Provide 3 examples that require cognitive processes.
Eye movements, recognizing letters, and working memory to remember material.
What is difficult for children to master but fairly easy for adults?
Reading
What is an example of spoken language?
The language you speak such as Spanish, French, Chinese, etc.
What are the three theoretical approaches to reading words?
Direct-Access Route, Indirect-Access Route and Dual-Route Approach
Bradshaw and Nettleton (1974)
Pairs of word with similar spelling, but different sounds.; mown-down
Reading vs spoken language.
You can control the rate when reading, but spoken language cannot.
What is the reason for reading?
Comprehension
Phoneme
Which approach do we use when recognizing a word?
Direct access approach
Give an example of Bradshaw and Nettleton (1974)
mown-down
Compare written and spoken language.
Both require the use of working memory.
What are the benefits of reading?
Develop expectations of new changes, create personalities and emotions of characters.
What is the ability to notice and think about with sounds such as spoken words?
phonemic awareness
Which approach is used in Luo et al. (1998)?
Indirect-Access Route
Luo et al. (1998)
Read pairs of words and decide if the words are related in meaning.
An example of written language
Writing on a journal is an example of written language
What happens to a reader when they come across an unfamiliar word?
Readers pause a little longer to process how to pronounce the unfamiliar word.
Are reading comprehensions tests correlated with oral comprehension tests? For children or adults?
Yes, for adults only.
Give an example of Luo et al.
Flower sounds like Flour, but both are different.
What do readers do when they use the indirect-access route in reading?
They translate the written word into sound before they know the meaning of it.
What happens when people make inferences during reading?
People often make inference if they have expertise in the topic
What can enhance working memory?
Sound coding
What is an example of Dual-Route Approach?
When reading the word "beach" you recognize that "ea" is pronounced "ee".
What approach explains how a reader can recognize written words when they read it to themselves?
Dual-Route (direct & indirect access) approach