This term coined by Garcia and others helps show that educators value both languages the student is learning.
What is emergent bilingual?
100
According to Cummins, it is what helps make linguistic knowledge transfer possible.
What is common underlying proficiency?
100
Thomas and Collier identified that this is the least effective of ESL programs but the most implemented in schools in the United States.
What is ESL Pullout Traditional Instruction?
100
In a Late-Exit or Maintenance program, it is the amount of years that an ELL receives instruction in both their native language and their target language.
What is four to six?
100
The root "glossic" means this.
What is tongue or voice?
200
Skutnabb-Kangas refers to dominant lanugages, like English, as one of these.
What are killer languages?
200
Cummins uses two of these in order to demonstrate his CUP model.
What are icebergs?
200
This bilingual program's goal is to get ELLs into the mainstream classroom as soon as possible, and students often lose their first language in the process.
What is Early-Exit Bilingual Education?
200
There are approximately this many languages in the world.
What is 7,000?
200
This view of language states that each language is a separate entity.
What is monoglossic?
300
It is what happens when the speakers of a minoritized language gradually change to using a dominant language.
What is language shift?
300
Cummins states that allowing this in the classroom helps bilinguals to develop better English.
What is translation?
300
This English-Only program requires that teachers have some training in ESL strategies and is mandated in California and Arizona.
What is Structured English Immersion?
300
Of this number of the countries in the world, less than 25% recognize two or more languages officially.
What is 192?
300
Instead of a bicycle or unicycle, Garcia gives this as a picture example of what a bilingual's languages looks like.
What is an all-terrain vehicle?
400
Grosjean calls this the phenomenon of bilinguals to use one language to help with another.
What is the complimentary principle?
400
This hypothesis is the key concept to success for bilingual education.
What is Interdependence?
400
These bilingual programs are a type of enriched education that seeks to have students proficient in two languages and in the United States, many involve instruction in both English and Spanish.
What is Dual-language?
400
There are this many elementary children around the world who study English.
What is 50 million?
400
This term comes from the Russian critic Bakhtin who used it to refer to multiple voices co-existing in a novel.
What is heteroglossic?
500
Garcia defines this as the "process of going back and forth from one language to another".
What is translanguaging (code switching)?
500
Comprising individual abilities and experience, this is the best way to think of CUP, according to Cummins.
What is a central processing system?
500
This type of program had the highest number of dropouts as the student's first languages are not acknowledged or developed.
What is English Immersion?
500
Crystal says that this percentage of the information on the World Wide Web is stored in English.
What is 80%
500
This heteroglossic model of bilingualism happens when a community makes an effort to revitalize their language that is being lost.