Karst
Karst is a term applied to topography of a region underlain by:
A. Gypsum
B. Limestone
C. Dolomite
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
An esker is a:
A. more or less linear ridge formed at the end of
a glacial advance
B. streamlined glacial landform
C. conical hill composed predominantly of sand
and gravel
D. sinuous ridge subparallel to glacial flow composed
predominantly of sand and gravel
D. sinuous ridge subparallel to glacial flow composed
predominantly of sand and gravel
A stream is:
a. A small river
b. Any type of natural channel flow
c. A large River
d. A river modified by human activities
b. Any type of natural channel flow
The paramount driving force in shoreline processes is _________.
a. Gravity
b. Waves, currents, and tides
c. Aquatic organisms
d. Tectonic activity
b. Waves, currents, and tides
In order to evaluate earthquake potential, what must first be identified and located accurately?
a. Head scarp
b. Faults
c. Hummocky terrain
d. Sediment transport
b. Faults
The most commonly observed feature of karst terrain:
A. Lapies
B. Solution Cavities
C. Ripple Marks
D. Hummocky Terrain
B. Solution Cavities
Kettle lakes are caused by
a. meltwater retained by an end moraine
b. terraced scouring by the glacier leaving a chain of lakes
c. melted ice blocks that were left after the glacier retreated
d. an accumulation of outwash
c. melted ice blocks that were left after the glacier retreated
A stream pattern similar to the branches of a bush is often indictive of:
a. Volcanic rocks
b. Intrusive rocks
c. Titled sedimentary rocks
d. Metamorphic rocks
b. Intrusive rocks
The location of major beach forms that are significant components of a coastline depends, to a large degree, on the availability of _________.
a. Sand
b. Aquatic organisms
c. Wave action
d. Gravity
a. Sand
Explanation: the primary sources of such debris are (1) river sediment delivered to the coast through deltas (2) the erosion of headlands and sea cliffs, and (3) the reworking of offshore self sediment origination from a variety of sources
If you were to stand on one side of a fault and the other side of the fault has moved to the right, what type of fault is characterized by this
a. Left lateral strike-slip fault
b. Right lateral strike-slip fault
c. Reverse fault
d. Normal fault
b. Right lateral strike-slip fault
Which karst feature forms on the floor of caves:
A. Stalactites
B. Stalagmites
C. Cave Stacks
D. Dripstone
B. Stalagmites
Which of the following is NOT a condition required to classify as a glacier:
A. It must be located on or principally on land
B. It must have evidence of past or present movement
C. It must have a large accumulation or mass of ice and snow with a thickness of approximately one-half of the surface width.
D. It must remain from year to year
C. It must have a large accumulation or mass of ice and snow with a thickness of approximately one-half of the surface width.
The following are characteristics of the “bedrock” portions of a stream:
a. Low gradients, high discharges, oxbow lakes, levees
b. Low gradients, low discharges, rapids, V-shaped valleys
c. High gradients, high discharges, terraces, meanders
d. The increase in discharge of a stream per unit drops in elevation
d. The increase in discharge of a stream per unit drops in elevation
The two types of coasts are called ______ and _______.
a. High energy and low energy
b. Advanced/emerging and retreated/submerging
c. Depositional and erosional
d. Subduction and divergent
b. Advanced/emerging and retreated/submerging
In regional extension environments, normal faulting dominates and forms:
a. Fault scarps
b. Right lateral or left lateral strike-slip faulting
c. Horst and graben features
d. Both B & C
c. Horst and graben features
Karst features such as sinkholes and sinking streams would be most likely found in what regions of the U.S.
A. Pacific Northwest and Columbia Plateau
B. Great Plains
C. Atlantic Coastal Plain
D. Basin and Ranges and Colorado Plateau
C. Atlantic Coastal Plain
The last glacial period in America was called the Wisconsin Glaciation and extended southward from Canada into the central US to its maximum extent in central Illinois and Indiana. Where the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated, which of the following features were revealed?
a. outwash plains, kames, moraines, drumlins, and eskers
b. outwash plains, moraines, tarns and paternoster lakes
c. glacial steps, aretes, horns, outwash plains, and cirques
d. finger lakes, fjords, lateral moraines, and truncated spurs
a. outwash plains, kames, moraines, drumlins, and eskers
The following applies to the “alluvial” portion of a stream:
a. Shallow gradients and narrow V-shaped valleys. Lower portions of the watershed. Stream loses water to groundwater.
b. Shallow gradients and wide flat valleys, lower portions of the watershed. Groundwater seeps into the channel of the stream.
c. Steep gradients and narrow V-shaped valleys. Upper portions of the watershed. Stream loses water to groundwater.
d. Steep gradients and wide flat valleys. Upper portions of the watershed. Groundwater seeps into the channel of the stream.
b. Shallow gradients and wide flat valleys, lower portions of the watershed. Groundwater seeps into the channel of the stream.
Apart from human-induced activities, the two major cause of shoreline erosion are ______________.
a. Coastal storms and tidal energy
b. Gravity and tidal energy
c. Rising sea level and coastal storms
d. Gravity and rising sea level
c. Rising sea level and coastal storms
____ faults are a type of reverse fault that has a dip of less than 45 degrees and often are on the order of 20 degrees or less
a. Thrust faults
b. Left lateral strike-slip fault
c. Normal fault
d. None of the above
a. Thrust faults
Most of the carbonate solution activity when developing sinkholes and underground caverns occurs where:
A. At the C-Horizon
B. Saturated Zone
C. Unsaturated Zone
D. Top of the Water Table
D. Top of the Water Table
Which features can indicate the flow direction of a continental glacier:
a. Cols, trimlines, striations, and kettles
b. Striations, friction cracks, drumlins, Roche moutonnee
c. Drumlin, striations, kames, and eskers
d. Swell & swale topography, U-shaped troughs, ice-scoured plain
b. Striations, friction cracks, drumlins, Roche moutonnee
When elevation of the stream channel is plotted against distance from the mouth of the stream we obtain a stream profile. A stable stream profile has a characteristic concave upward exponential shape. Departures from the basic profile are called ……... and often indicate ……….
a. Knickpoints; usually resistant lithologies that might be good places for a dam
b. Cut outs; concentrated erosion of the channel that might need bank protection
c. Splays; accumulation of sediment in the stream channel that might be good places for a gaging station.
d. Avulsions: abandoned segments of the main channel chocked with gravel that could be used in construction.
a. Knickpoints; usually resistant lithologies that might be good places for a dam
There are numerous examples along the barrier coast within the last century of abandoned farms and agricultural activities where freshwater environments have been overrun by salt marshes resulting from ___________.
a. Changing tides
b. The construction of man-made features
c. Coastal storms
d. Sea level rise
d. Sea level rise
A ____ is formed by tectonic plate collisions where material has been thrusted on top of the underlying material as much as a mile or two
a. Klippe
b. Fenster
c. Nappe
d. Sag pond
c. Nappe